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Self-serving bias is a cognitive phenomenon in which individuals attribute positive outcomes to internal factors such as their abilities, intelligence, or effort while attributing negative outcomes to external circumstances. This cognitive distortion helps maintain self-esteem but can also impede objective self-assessment.Theoretical Explanations of Self-Serving BiasTwo primary theories explain the self-serving bias: the cognitive explanation and the motivational explanation.The cognitive...
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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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People all belong to a gender, race, age, and social economic group. These groups provide a powerful source of our identity and self-esteem (Tajfel & Turner, 1979) and serve as our in-groups. An in-group is a group that we identify with or see ourselves as belonging to.
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When in group settings, we are often influenced by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors around us. Groupthink is another phenomenon of conformity where modification of the opinions of members in a group aligns with what they believe is the group consensus (Janis, 1972). In such situations, the group often takes action that individuals would not perform outside the group setting because groups make more extreme decisions than individuals do. Moreover, groupthink can hinder opposing trains of...
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Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Sesgo de suma cero en la resolución de problemas politizados

Almos C Molnar1, Steven Sloman1

  • 1Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, United States of America.

Cognition
|December 21, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El encuadre político desencadena el sesgo de suma cero, lo que afecta la resolución de problemas. Los partidarios proponen soluciones menos efectivas cuando los problemas se alinean con sus puntos de vista políticos, lo que demuestra cómo la politización limita el pensamiento.

Palabras clave:
psicología políticapolitizaciónresolución de problemasrazonamientosesgo de suma cero

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Psicología Social
  • Psicología Política
  • Economía Conductual

Sus antecedentes:

  • El sesgo de suma cero es la creencia de que la ganancia de una parte requiere la pérdida de otra, incluso cuando existen resultados beneficiosos para todos.
  • La investigación previa identifica el sesgo de suma cero en varios dominios, pero los desencadenantes siguen sin explorarse.
  • La política es un dominio donde las creencias de suma cero son prevalentes, lo que sugiere que el encuadre político puede influir en este sesgo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar si la politización de los problemas actúa como un desencadenante o inhibidor de las creencias de suma cero entre los partidarios.
  • Examinar si el encuadre político conduce a soluciones cualitativamente diferentes propuestas por diferentes grupos políticos.
  • Comprender los mecanismos a través de los cuales los marcos políticos impactan el rendimiento en la resolución de problemas.

Principales métodos:

  • Se llevaron a cabo cinco estudios experimentales con participantes de diferentes afiliaciones políticas (demócratas y republicanos).
  • Los problemas se enmarcaron en términos políticos (por ejemplo, recortes de impuestos corporativos, políticas de inmigración) y no políticos.
  • Los participantes propusieron soluciones y se evaluó su efectividad, esfuerzo, limitaciones de pensamiento y creencias de suma cero.

Principales resultados:

  • El encuadre político afectó significativamente la eficacia de la resolución de problemas, y los demócratas y republicanos propusieron soluciones más efectivas para los problemas enmarcados de acuerdo con sus inclinaciones políticas.
  • El rendimiento diferencial en la resolución de problemas entre grupos políticos surgió solo bajo marcos politizados.
  • Los marcos políticos interfirieron con el proceso de resolución de problemas al limitar el rango de soluciones consideradas, no al alterar el esfuerzo o la admisibilidad social.

Conclusiones:

  • La politización de los problemas puede desencadenar o inhibir el sesgo de suma cero, lo que lleva a diferencias partidistas en la eficacia de la resolución de problemas.
  • El impacto del encuadre político en la resolución de problemas está mediado por una limitación en la flexibilidad cognitiva en lugar de cambios en el esfuerzo.
  • La presencia de creencias de suma cero con respecto a un marco político específico, no las respuestas afectivas, predice los resultados de la resolución de problemas.