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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Vesículas Extracelulares y el Ciclo de Hype de Gartner

Mahsa Salehi1,2, Shukoofeh Torabi3, Homeyra Seydi2,4

  • 1Biological Products and Blood Safety Research Center High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine Tehran Iran.

Journal of extracellular biology
|December 22, 2025
PubMed
Resumen

Las vesículas extracelulares (VE) muestran promesa en medicina pero enfrentan desafíos en reproducibilidad y estandarización. Abordar estos problemas es clave para su traslación clínica.

Palabras clave:
Vesículas extracelularesReproducibilidadEstandarizaciónTraslación clínicaCiclo de Hype de Gartner

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biotecnología e Ingeniería Biomédica
  • Biología Celular
  • Nanomedicina

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las vesículas extracelulares (VE) son cada vez más reconocidas por su potencial diagnóstico y terapéutico.
  • El campo está navegando actualmente por el Ciclo de Hype de Gartner, pasando del pico de entusiasmo a abordar desafíos prácticos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Evaluar críticamente el estado actual de la investigación de vesículas extracelulares (VE) utilizando el marco del Ciclo de Hype de Gartner.
  • Identificar los desafíos clave que dificultan la traslación clínica de diagnósticos y terapias basadas en VE.
  • Proponer prioridades accionables para avanzar en la investigación rigurosa y transparente de VE.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de la trayectoria actual de la investigación de VE utilizando el modelo del Ciclo de Hype de Gartner.
  • Identificación y discusión de desafíos críticos en el campo, como la heterogeneidad de las VE y las inconsistencias metodológicas.
  • Revisión de iniciativas en curso como las directrices MISEV y la base de datos EV-TRACK.

Principales resultados:

  • La investigación de VE enfrenta obstáculos significativos que incluyen heterogeneidad, metodologías inconsistentes, sesgo de publicación y falta de estandarización.
  • Estos desafíos corren el riesgo de impedir el progreso y retrasar la traslación clínica.
  • Las iniciativas existentes (ISEV, MISEV, EV-TRACK) son cruciales pero requieren un mayor desarrollo y adopción.

Conclusiones:

  • Superar los desafíos en reproducibilidad y estandarización es esencial para materializar el potencial clínico de las VE.
  • La implementación de prácticas de investigación rigurosas y la presentación de informes transparentes son primordiales.
  • Se necesita un esfuerzo concertado para mover la investigación de VE de la exageración a una aplicación clínica impactante.