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Tecnología y Preconferencia sobre Demencia

Eloïse DA Cunha1,2,3,4, Valeria Manera2, Raphael Zory5

  • 1Speech and Language Pathology Department, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, Alpes Maritimes, France.

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|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El análisis del habla identifica con precisión los fenotipos y la patología subyacente de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), ofreciendo una herramienta no invasiva para el pronóstico temprano. Este método ayuda a refinar los diagnósticos y a mejorar las estrategias de intervención temprana para enfermedades neurodegenerativas.

Palabras clave:
análisis del hablaenfermedad de Alzheimerfenotipospronóstico tempranointervención tempranaenfermedades neurodegenerativas

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia
  • Lingüística Computacional
  • Descubrimiento de Biomarcadores

Sus antecedentes:

  • La enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) presenta diversas formas clínicas que requieren atención personalizada.
  • El pronóstico de la afasia primaria progresiva de variante logopénica (lvPPA) es un desafío debido a patologías subyacentes variadas (EA o FTLD).
  • El diagnóstico preciso requiere enfoques multidisciplinarios que incluyan análisis de LCR, imágenes y evaluaciones psicométricas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Evaluar marcadores del habla para la clasificación cruzada de fenotipos de EA con perfiles de líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR).
  • Desarrollar un método no invasivo para el pronóstico temprano de la progresión de enfermedades neurodegenerativas.
  • Diferenciar fenotipos clínicos y patologías subyacentes en la EA en etapa temprana.

Principales métodos:

  • Se clasificaron 42 pacientes en grupos lvPPA- (FTLD), lvPPA+ (EA) y EA.
  • Se analizaron grabaciones de voz de una tarea de repetición de 14 oraciones para características prosódicas y temporales.
  • Se entrenaron y validaron modelos de aprendizaje automático supervisado (Random Forest, KNN, SVM) para la clasificación.

Principales resultados:

  • El modelo Random Forest logró una precisión de validación cruzada del 91%, superando a otros modelos.
  • La clasificación basada en el habla diferenció con éxito los grupos lvPPA-, lvPPA+ y EA.
  • Los hallazgos sugieren que el análisis del habla es una valiosa herramienta no invasiva para la identificación pronóstica temprana de fenotipos y patología de la EA.

Conclusiones:

  • La clasificación basada en el habla vincula fenotipos clínicos con perfiles de LCR, ofreciendo información pronóstica temprana.
  • Una mayor precisión pronóstica puede mejorar las estrategias de intervención temprana para la EA.
  • Se necesitan estudios más amplios para validar la clasificación del habla como una herramienta no invasiva confiable para el pronóstico diferencial.