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Salud Pública

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La pérdida auditiva en adultos mayores se relaciona con una función cognitiva más pobre. Las pruebas objetivas de audición son cruciales, ya que el uso de audífonos puede ofrecer beneficios cognitivos, a diferencia de la dificultad autoinformada.

Palabras clave:
pérdida auditivadeterioro cognitivoadultos mayoresaudífonossalud pública

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia; Audiología; Gerontología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La pérdida auditiva en la mediana edad es un factor de riesgo reconocido y modificable para la demencia.
  • El deterioro auditivo afecta a una parte importante de los adultos mayores, correlacionándose con un envejecimiento cognitivo acelerado.
  • Las medidas objetivas como el NIH Toolbox Words-in-Noise (WIN) son vitales para evaluar los déficits auditivos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la asociación entre el deterioro auditivo objetivo y la función cognitiva en adultos mayores.
  • Determinar la influencia del deterioro auditivo en la cognición, ajustando por factores como el estado socioeconómico y el ruido del vecindario.
  • Explorar los posibles efectos moderadores de la raza y el uso de audífonos en la relación audición-cognición.

Principales métodos:

  • Un estudio transversal involucró a 420 adultos mayores categorizados con audición normal o deteriorada utilizando los umbrales de WIN.
  • La función cognitiva se evaluó a través del Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) y el Preclinical Alzheimer Cognitive Composite (PACC).
  • Se analizaron regresiones lineales múltiples de las asociaciones entre las medidas de audición y las puntuaciones cognitivas, controlando las covariables; se probaron términos de interacción.

Principales resultados:

  • Las personas con audición deteriorada mostraron puntuaciones significativamente más bajas tanto en el PACC como en el MoCA en comparación con los participantes con audición normal.
  • El deterioro auditivo objetivo (mayores umbrales de WIN) se asoció significativamente con un rendimiento cognitivo más pobre (puntuaciones más bajas de MoCA y PACC) después de los ajustes.
  • El uso de audífonos se correlacionó con puntuaciones más altas de PACC, lo que sugiere un posible beneficio cognitivo, mientras que la dificultad auditiva autoinformada (HHI) no predijo los resultados cognitivos.

Conclusiones:

  • El deterioro auditivo objetivo está significativamente relacionado con una disminución del rendimiento cognitivo en adultos mayores.
  • El uso de audífonos puede conferir ventajas cognitivas, lo que subraya la importancia de la intervención audiológica.
  • Las evaluaciones auditivas objetivas son más confiables que las medidas autoinformadas para predecir la función cognitiva.