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Salud Pública

Clara Burgo1, Maria Campos-Magdaleno1,2, Carlos Dosil-Díaz1

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PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El entrenamiento de doble tarea (DT) mejoró significativamente la función cognitiva en adultos mayores que residen en centros de atención a largo plazo. Esta intervención mejoró el rendimiento de doble tarea y el estado cognitivo general, mostrando beneficios más allá de las mejoras afectivas y funcionales.

Palabras clave:
Salud PúblicaEnvejecimientoFunción CognitivaEntrenamiento de Doble TareaAtención a Largo Plazo

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Gerontología
  • Neurociencia Cognitiva
  • Ciencia de la Rehabilitación

Sus antecedentes:

  • La dificultad con la realización simultánea de tareas en adultos mayores es un marcador reconocido de la enfermedad de Alzheimer y la demencia.
  • El entrenamiento de doble tarea (DT) ofrece beneficios cognitivos, emocionales y funcionales para diversos grupos de edad.
  • Los centros de atención a largo plazo (LTCC) presentan un entorno único para las intervenciones debido a las altas tasas de fragilidad y deterioro cognitivo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la eficacia del entrenamiento DT en la mejora del estado cognitivo, afectivo y funcional en adultos mayores dentro de los LTCC.
  • Determinar si los beneficios del entrenamiento DT se generalizan al estado cognitivo general.
  • Evaluar el impacto del entrenamiento DT específicamente en el rendimiento de doble tarea.

Principales métodos:

  • Un estudio que involucró a 94 adultos mayores (edad media 86.53) de 10 LTCC en el noroeste de España.
  • Los participantes fueron asignados a un grupo de entrenamiento DT (46) o a un grupo de control (48) que recibió estimulación cognitiva estándar.
  • La intervención consistió en 10 sesiones semanales de 50 minutos de tareas combinadas físico-cognitivas, físico-físicas y cognitivo-cognitivas; las evaluaciones incluyeron pruebas cognitivas (MoCA, fluidez), afectivas y funcionales pre y post intervención.

Principales resultados:

  • Se observó una interacción significativa Grupo x Tiempo en las condiciones de doble tarea tanto para las tareas de lápiz y papel (p < 0.01) como para las de fluidez (p < 0.001).
  • Las puntuaciones de la prueba MoCA también mostraron una interacción significativa Grupo x Tiempo (p < 0.001), lo que indica una mejora del estado cognitivo.
  • No se encontraron efectos significativos para las medidas afectivas o funcionales como covariables.

Conclusiones:

  • Los adultos mayores que se sometieron a entrenamiento DT demostraron ganancias cognitivas significativas en comparación con el grupo de control.
  • Las mejoras en la función cognitiva se generalizaron, independientemente del estado afectivo o funcional de los participantes.
  • El entrenamiento DT es una intervención viable y eficaz para mejorar el rendimiento cognitivo en adultos mayores en entornos LTCC.