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Salud Pública

Miguel A Santos-Santos1,2, Stephanie M Grasso3, Marco Calabria4

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|December 23, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El bilingüismo activo puede proteger contra el deterioro cognitivo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) a través de la resiliencia, no de la resistencia a la patología de la EA. Esto sugiere que los beneficios de la reserva cognitiva pueden estar relacionados con el uso del lenguaje, afectando la neuroinflamación en algunos individuos.

Palabras clave:
bilingüismoenfermedad de Alzheimerresiliencia cognitivaneuroinflamacióneducación

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia; Ciencia Cognitiva; Investigación de Biomarcadores

Sus antecedentes:

  • El bilingüismo se ha relacionado con un retraso en la aparición de la demencia, pero los mecanismos biológicos subyacentes siguen siendo poco estudiados.
  • Comprender el impacto del bilingüismo en la progresión de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) es crucial para el desarrollo de terapias.
  • Este estudio examina la relación entre el estado bilingüe, el deterioro cognitivo y los biomarcadores del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en la EA.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar si el bilingüismo activo confiere resiliencia o resistencia a la patología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA).
  • Explorar la asociación entre el bilingüismo, la función cognitiva y los biomarcadores de la EA en el LCR.
  • Determinar si el bilingüismo influye en el deterioro cognitivo a través de mecanismos biológicos relacionados con la patología de la EA.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de 567 participantes con EA confirmada por biomarcadores de la cohorte Sant Pau Initiative on Neurodegeneration (SPIN).
  • Evaluación de biomarcadores neurológicos, neuropsicológicos y del LCR (Aβ42, tau, NFL, GFAP, YKL-40) y uso del lenguaje.
  • Clasificación en bilingües activos y bilingües pasivos, con modelado estadístico para evaluar la resiliencia y la resistencia.

Principales resultados:

  • El bilingüismo activo se asoció con un mejor rendimiento cognitivo (resiliencia) en pruebas específicas, independientemente de la educación.
  • Se observó evidencia limitada de resistencia, con el bilingüismo activo asociado a niveles más bajos de YKL-40 (neuroinflamación) en participantes con educación baja y media.
  • No se encontraron asociaciones significativas entre el bilingüismo activo y otros biomarcadores de la EA (Aβ42, tau, NFL).

Conclusiones:

  • El bilingüismo activo parece proteger contra el deterioro cognitivo en la EA principalmente a través de la resiliencia.
  • Un posible efecto de resistencia contra la neuroinflamación (YKL-40) puede ser específico de individuos con niveles educativos más bajos.
  • Se necesita más investigación con cohortes más grandes para confirmar los hallazgos de resistencia y explorar las interacciones educativas.