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Salud Pública

Letícia Cunha Pereira de Souza1, Ariadni Mesquita Peres1, Aline Cândida Ferreira1

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Las dietas altas en grasas durante el desarrollo perjudican la plasticidad sináptica y la memoria en ratas. Estos cambios, que afectan a ambos sexos, persisten durante toda la vida, destacando el impacto de la nutrición temprana en el desarrollo cerebral.

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dieta alta en grasasdesarrollo cerebralplasticidad sinápticamemoriaratasneurocienciabiología del desarrollociencia de la nutrición

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia; Biología del Desarrollo; Ciencia de la Nutrición

Sus antecedentes:

  • El Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) presenta plasticidad, especialmente durante el desarrollo, lo que permite la adaptación pero aumenta la susceptibilidad a los factores ambientales.; Los factores adversos durante períodos críticos del desarrollo pueden comprometer el desarrollo y la función del SNC.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los efectos a largo plazo de una dieta alta en grasas (DAG) sobre la plasticidad sináptica y la memoria durante diferentes etapas del desarrollo en ratas Wistar machos y hembras.; Analizar las alteraciones en proteínas sinápticas clave (sinaptofisina, PSD-95) y marcadores astrocíticos (GFAP) tras la exposición a la DAG.

Principales métodos:

  • Las ratas fueron alimentadas con dietas estándar (DS) o DAG desde el día postnatal 21 hasta las etapas adolescente (59 días), adulta temprana (70 días) y adulta (110 días).; Se evaluó la memoria a corto plazo mediante una tarea de reconocimiento de objetos.; Se cuantificaron los niveles de sinaptofisina, PSD-95 y GFAP en el hipocampo mediante Western blot y ELISA.

Principales resultados:

  • El consumo de la dieta alta en grasas (DAG) aumentó la ingesta calórica y el peso corporal en la edad adulta. Se observó deterioro de la memoria (reducción del índice de discriminación) en machos durante la adolescencia y la edad adulta temprana.; En los machos, la sinaptofisina y la PSD-95 del hipocampo aumentaron durante la adolescencia y la edad adulta. Los niveles de GFAP se elevaron en la edad adulta.; En las hembras, la sinaptofisina aumentó durante la adolescencia y, en la edad adulta (110 días), se observaron aumentos en la sinaptofisina, la PSD-95 y la GFAP.

Conclusiones:

  • La exposición a dietas altas en grasas durante períodos críticos del desarrollo altera los marcadores astrocíticos y la plasticidad sináptica en ambos sexos.; Estas alteraciones, incluida la reducción de la poda sináptica, persisten durante toda la vida, lo que indica impactos duraderos de la nutrición temprana en el desarrollo y la función cerebral.