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Salud Pública

Yue Shi1, Takuji Kawamura2, Yingxu Liu3

  • 1Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.

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Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Mejorar el estilo de vida, incluyendo la actividad física y el cese del tabaquismo, puede reducir el riesgo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) y ralentizar el deterioro cognitivo, incluso en personas con alta predisposición genética. Las estrategias de prevención personalizadas son clave.

Palabras clave:
estilo de vidaenfermedad de Alzheimerdeterioro cognitivoriesgo genéticoedad epigenéticaprevención personalizadasalud públicaactividad físicacese del tabaquismoconsumo de alcohol

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia
  • Genética
  • Gerontología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La predisposición genética, medida por las puntuaciones de riesgo poligénico (PRS), es un factor de riesgo significativo para la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA).
  • Los factores del estilo de vida (tabaquismo, alcohol, actividad física, IMC) también influyen en el riesgo de EA, pero su interacción con el riesgo genético no se comprende completamente.
  • La aceleración de la edad epigenética (EAA) ofrece un marcador novedoso para investigar cómo los cambios en el estilo de vida impactan la EA y la función cognitiva a lo largo del tiempo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar los efectos combinados del riesgo genético, los cambios longitudinales en el estilo de vida y la aceleración de la edad epigenética en el riesgo de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) y la función cognitiva.
  • Explorar cómo las modificaciones del estilo de vida influyen en los resultados de la EA en diferentes niveles de susceptibilidad genética.
  • Identificar posibles estrategias de prevención personalizadas para la EA basadas en perfiles genéticos y perfiles de envejecimiento biológico.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de datos longitudinales de 7265 participantes diversos del Health and Retirement Study (HRS) de 2004 a 2016.
  • Evaluación de factores del estilo de vida (actividad física, tabaquismo, consumo de alcohol) y diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) a lo largo del tiempo.
  • Cuantificación de la aceleración de la edad epigenética (EAA) utilizando relojes de metilación del ADN (GrimAge, DunedinPoAm38) y evaluación de la función cognitiva mediante pruebas telefónicas.

Principales resultados:

  • Las mejoras en el estilo de vida (aumento de la actividad física, cese del tabaquismo, consumo moderado de alcohol) se relacionaron con un deterioro cognitivo más lento y un menor riesgo de EA en todos los grupos de riesgo genético.
  • Las puntuaciones de riesgo poligénico (PRS) predijeron fuertemente peores resultados cognitivos y un mayor riesgo de EA.
  • Una mayor actividad física amortiguó el impacto negativo de la susceptibilidad genética en la función cognitiva, con beneficios significativos observados en el lenguaje y la función ejecutiva en personas de alto riesgo.

Conclusiones:

  • La integración de la aceleración de la edad epigenética con datos de estilo de vida y genéticos proporciona información novedosa sobre el desarrollo de la EA y el deterioro cognitivo.
  • Las intervenciones en el estilo de vida son cruciales para mitigar el riesgo de EA, particularmente para personas con alta susceptibilidad genética.
  • Los hallazgos respaldan el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención personalizadas para la EA que aprovechen los perfiles genéticos y los marcadores de envejecimiento biológico.