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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
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Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis01:23

Cystic Fibrosis: Pathogenesis

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Cystic fibrosis (CF), an autosomal recessive disorder, significantly affects the function of exocrine glands. This genetically inherited disease is characterized by the production of thick and sticky mucus, which can severely affect various organs and systems in the body.
CF is primarily caused by a genetic mutation in a chromosome 7 gene coding for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. The most common gene mutation leading to CF is the ΔF508 mutation,...
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Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology01:29

Pneumonia II: Pathophysiology

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The pathophysiology of pneumonia involves the following steps:
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Stages of Infection01:26

Stages of Infection

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Stages of infection describe what happens to a susceptible host once a pathogen invades the human body. The stages of infection are incubation, prodromal, illness, stage of decline, and convalescence. The incubation stage is the period from exposure to a pathogen until symptoms start. The infected person is unaware of impending illness as the pathogens grow and multiply within the body. The duration may vary depending on the type of infection. The incubation period of measles averages ten to...
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Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

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The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 8, 2026

Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses
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Mouse Footpad Inoculation Model to Study Viral-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses

Published on: June 14, 2020

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Ciencia básica y patogénesis

Zheng Yin1,2,3, Ling Teng1,2,3, Ya Zhang4

  • 1Mass General Brigham, Boston, MA, USA.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
|December 24, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio revela el panorama celular de la amígdala humana envejecida, identificando abundantes microglías asociadas con la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Esto sugiere que la composición de las células gliales puede contribuir a la vulnerabilidad de la amígdala en enfermedades neurodegenerativas.

Palabras clave:
envejecimientoamígdalamicroglíaenfermedad de Alzheimerneurodegeneracióncélulas glialesgenómicabiología celularneurociencia

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia
  • Genómica
  • Biología Celular

Sus antecedentes:

  • La amígdala juega un papel crucial en las enfermedades neurodegenerativas tempranas como la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA), el cambio neuropatológico por TDP-43 relacionado con la edad predominante en el sistema límbico (LATE-NC) y la enfermedad de Lewy (EL).
  • La arquitectura celular de la amígdala humana envejecida sigue siendo poco comprendida, lo que dificulta nuestra comprensión de su papel en la neurodegeneración.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Caracterizar la arquitectura celular de la amígdala humana envejecida utilizando secuenciación multi-ómica de núcleo único.
  • Identificar tipos celulares, estados celulares y sus marcadores moleculares asociados dentro de la amígdala.

Principales métodos:

  • Disección de la amígdala basolateral de nueve donantes de cerebro con patologías neurodegenerativas variables.
  • Generación de datos multi-ómicos de núcleo único 10x (RNA y ATAC-seq) e integración utilizando los algoritmos Harmony y Weighted Nearest Neighbor (WNN).
  • Identificación y visualización de clústeres y estados celulares utilizando Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP).

Principales resultados:

  • Se generaron con éxito 31.662 multi-omes de núcleo único de alta calidad de la amígdala.
  • Se identificaron clústeres distintos para astrocitos, neuronas excitatorias e inhibitorias, microglía, oligodendrocitos, células progenitoras de oligodendrocitos y células T, con múltiples estados celulares dentro de cada tipo.
  • Se observó una alta proporción de microglía asociada con la enfermedad de Alzheimer (ADAM), que expresa APOE y TREM2, significativamente más alta que en la corteza frontal de pacientes con EA.

Conclusiones:

  • Se demostró la viabilidad de la generación de datos multi-ómicos de células únicas a gran escala de la amígdala humana.
  • La amígdala exhibe microglía abundante asociada con la enfermedad de Alzheimer, lo que sugiere que la composición de las células gliales puede subyacer a su vulnerabilidad regional en los trastornos neurodegenerativos.