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Manifestaciones Clínicas

Apurva Mittal1, Kavya K Kumar1, Jyothi M S Gowda1

  • 1National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El multilingüismo y la competencia lingüística difieren significativamente en personas mayores con y sin deterioro cognitivo. Estos factores pueden influir de manera única en las funciones cognitivas de las personas con Deterioro Cognitivo Leve y demencia de Alzheimer.

Palabras clave:
multilingüismocompetencia lingüísticadeterioro cognitivo leveenfermedad de Alzheimeradultos mayoresrendimiento cognitivoneurocienciaciencia cognitivagerontología

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia; Ciencia Cognitiva; Gerontología

Sus antecedentes:

  • La evidencia convergente sugiere que el multilingüismo puede mejorar la reserva cognitiva y proteger contra la demencia de Alzheimer (AD). Sin embargo, los hallazgos de los estudios transversales y longitudinales existentes siguen siendo inconsistentes. Este estudio investiga las diferencias en el rendimiento cognitivo en AD, Deterioro Cognitivo Leve (MCI) y adultos mayores sanos (HE) en función del multilingüismo (ML) y la competencia lingüística (LP).

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Examinar las variaciones en el rendimiento cognitivo en los grupos HE, MCI y AD. Determinar si el multilingüismo (ML) y la competencia lingüística (LP) impactan el rendimiento cognitivo de manera diferente en estos grupos. Explorar la relación entre el origen lingüístico y la salud cognitiva en poblaciones de adultos mayores.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizaron datos del proyecto R01 financiado por el NIH/NIA (1R01AG060610). Se evaluó ML por el número de idiomas conocidos (>=3 vs. <3) y LP al hablar, leer y escribir (>=3 vs. <3). Se empleó análisis multivariado para comparar medidas cognitivas (por ejemplo, recuerdo diferido, construcción de diseños, fluidez) entre grupos de diagnóstico (HE, MCI, AD), controlando la Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) en MCI y AD.

Principales resultados:

  • Se observaron diferencias significativas en ML y LP entre los grupos HE, MCI y AD (p<0.05). Se observó una tendencia hacia el efecto ML en MCI (p=0.08), con diferencias significativas en la construcción de diseños (p=0.004). La LP al hablar impactó significativamente el rendimiento de MCI (p=0.02) y AD (p=0.04) en dominios cognitivos específicos como la construcción de diseños y el recuerdo de listas de palabras.

Conclusiones:

  • El multilingüismo y la competencia al hablar/leer se asocian significativamente con el estado cognitivo en los adultos mayores. El ML y la LP parecen modular diferencialmente los dominios cognitivos en personas con MCI y AD. El origen lingüístico es un factor crucial a considerar en el contexto del envejecimiento cognitivo y la investigación de la demencia.