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Manifestaciones Clínicas

Miguel Arce Renteria1, Iris Strangmann2, Yingxu Liu3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

El multilingüismo activo, definido por la adquisición temprana de un segundo idioma, alta competencia y uso diario, se asocia con una mejor función cognitiva en adultos mayores. Esto sugiere que el multilingüismo puede aumentar la reserva cognitiva, retrasando potencialmente el envejecimiento cognitivo.

Palabras clave:
multilingüismo activoenvejecimiento cognitivoreserva cognitivaadquisición de segundo idiomafunción ejecutiva

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia Cognitiva
  • Investigación sobre el Envejecimiento
  • Estudios Lingüísticos

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los beneficios cognitivos del multilingüismo son objeto de debate, con perfiles lingüísticos variables entre los hablantes.
  • Factores como la edad de adquisición del segundo idioma (AoA), la competencia y la frecuencia de uso son clave.
  • Comprender estas características multilingües específicas es crucial para la investigación sobre el envejecimiento cognitivo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar si el multilingüismo 'activo' (edad temprana de adquisición, alta competencia, uso diario) mejora los resultados cognitivos y de neuroimagen.
  • Comparar multilingües activos con multilingües 'pasivos' en una población diversa de adultos mayores indios.
  • Explorar la relación entre características multilingües específicas y el rendimiento cognitivo.

Principales métodos:

  • Se analizaron datos de 492 adultos mayores multilingües del Estudio Longitudinal de Envejecimiento en India-Evaluación Diagnóstica de Demencia (LASI-DAD).
  • Se clasificó a los participantes en grupos multilingües activos, pasivos y mixtos según la AoA, la competencia y el uso del lenguaje.
  • Se evaluaron dominios cognitivos (función ejecutiva, lenguaje, memoria) y se utilizaron escáneres de RM para una submuestra.

Principales resultados:

  • Los multilingües activos mostraron una función ejecutiva y un rendimiento del lenguaje superiores en comparación con los multilingües pasivos.
  • Un subgrupo de multilingües de alta competencia también demostró una mejor función ejecutiva.
  • No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre grupos en memoria, volumen de sustancia gris o grosor cortical.

Conclusiones:

  • El multilingüismo activo se asocia con una mejora de la función cognitiva en adultos mayores indios.
  • El multilingüismo activo puede contribuir a la reserva cognitiva, indicado por asociaciones alteradas entre cerebro y cognición.
  • Se necesita más investigación longitudinal con muestras más grandes de neuroimagen para confirmar estas relaciones cerebro-cognición.