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Manifestaciones Clínicas

Sergio Grueso1, Gonzalo Sánchez-Benavides2,3, Oriol Grau-Rivera2,3

  • 1NeuroADaS Lab Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
|December 25, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La alta competencia en un segundo idioma, independientemente de la edad de adquisición, mejora las funciones cognitivas como el razonamiento no verbal y la velocidad de procesamiento. Esta ventaja bilingüe beneficia a las habilidades no lingüísticas, no a la memoria verbal.

Palabras clave:
bilingüismoenvejecimiento cognitivocompetencia en L2habilidades no verbalesmemoria verbaladquisición de L2funciones cognitivasreserva cognitivademenciaprevención de demencia

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia
  • Psicología Cognitiva
  • Lingüística

Sus antecedentes:

  • Se propone el bilingüismo como un factor de reserva cognitiva, pero su impacto en el envejecimiento cognitivo y el retraso de la demencia sigue siendo objeto de debate.
  • Comprender qué tipo de experiencia bilingüe mitiga de manera más efectiva el declive cognitivo relacionado con la edad es crucial para las estrategias de prevención de la demencia.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la influencia de la edad de adquisición de la segunda lengua y la competencia en el rendimiento cognitivo en adultos mayores.
  • Comparar los resultados cognitivos entre diferentes perfiles bilingües, incluyendo adquisición temprana vs. tardía y alta vs. baja competencia.

Principales métodos:

  • Se analizó el rendimiento cognitivo de 2502 adultos sin deterioro (44-74 años) del estudio ALFA.
  • Los participantes se clasificaron en grupos de bilingües tempranos de alta competencia, tardíos de alta competencia y tardíos de baja competencia según la edad de adquisición y la competencia en español (L1) y catalán (L2).
  • Los análisis estadísticos controlaron la edad, la educación, el género y otros factores de reserva cognitiva.

Principales resultados:

  • Los bilingües de alta competencia (tempranos y tardíos) superaron significativamente a los bilingües tardíos de baja competencia en razonamiento no verbal y velocidad de procesamiento.
  • Los bilingües tempranos de alta competencia mostraron ventajas en el procesamiento visoespacial, la memoria de trabajo y la atención en comparación con los bilingües tardíos de baja competencia.
  • No se observaron diferencias significativas en el deterioro cognitivo general (MMSE) o la memoria verbal episódica entre los grupos.

Conclusiones:

  • La alta competencia en la segunda lengua (L2) y el uso activo de L1-L2 se asocian con un mejor rendimiento cognitivo, independientemente de la edad de adquisición (AoA).
  • Los beneficios cognitivos del bilingüismo parecen concentrarse en las funciones no lingüísticas, sin un impacto significativo en la memoria episódica verbal o la recuperación léxica.