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Manifestaciones Clínicas

Zeling He1, John Hanfelt1, Felicia C Goldstein2

  • 1Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Las escalas de actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AVDI) pueden estar sesgadas por la raza y los factores del informante. El ajuste por funcionamiento diferencial de ítems (DIF) mejora la precisión en el diagnóstico de deterioro cognitivo en adultos mayores.

Palabras clave:
sesgofuncionamiento diferencial de ítemsescalas de AVDIdeterioro cognitivo leveadultos mayoresevaluación cognitivaequidaddemografíainformantes

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Gerontología; Neurociencia; Psicometría

Sus antecedentes:

  • Las escalas de actividades instrumentales de la vida diaria (AVDI) son vitales para diagnosticar el deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL) frente a la demencia en adultos mayores. Las escalas de calificación de AVDI pueden estar sujetas a funcionamiento diferencial de ítems (DIF), introduciendo sesgos basados en factores demográficos o contextuales. Abordar el DIF es fundamental para el acceso equitativo a los ensayos clínicos y los tratamientos aprobados por la FDA para el deterioro cognitivo.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Evaluar el funcionamiento diferencial de ítems (DIF) en la Escala de Actividades Funcionales (FAQ), una escala de AVDI basada en informantes. Evaluar el impacto de la raza del participante y las características del informante en las calificaciones de AVDI. Determinar si el ajuste por DIF puede mitigar los sesgos y mejorar la precisión de las evaluaciones de AVDI en adultos mayores con DCL.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó el modelo de Investigación de Funcionamiento Diferencial de Ítems Basado en la Verosimilitud (LIDIF) con datos de 7.958 participantes con DCL del National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set. Se ajustaron simultáneamente múltiples covariables, incluyendo la edad, el sexo, la educación, la raza del participante y el sexo y el estado de cohabitación del informante. Se estimaron los niveles de AVDI ajustados por DIF utilizando medias posteriores para mitigar los sesgos de calificación.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificaron efectos significativos de DIF en los 10 ítems de la FAQ, siendo la raza y las características del informante las principales fuentes de sesgo. Los participantes negros fueron calificados como menos afectados que los participantes blancos, particularmente en niveles de afectación más altos, incluso después del ajuste por covariables. El estado de cohabitación del informante influyó en las calificaciones; los informantes no cohabitantes informaron una menor afectación funcional. El ajuste por DIF redujo las disparidades raciales y los efectos de techo, identificando a más personas con afectación.

Conclusiones:

  • Es crucial tener en cuenta las características demográficas y del informante en las evaluaciones de la FAQ. El ajuste por DIF mejora la precisión y la equidad de las evaluaciones de AVDI. La mejora de la evaluación de AVDI apoya la toma de decisiones clínicas equitativas y el reconocimiento adecuado de la afectación funcional en diversas poblaciones.