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Integración de la fertilización nitrogenada orgánica-inorgánica en la conversión del nitrógeno en el suelo

Akhlaq Ahmad¹, Aaqil Khan², Farhan Ullah¹

¹College of Agronomy, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China.

Frontiers in plant science

|December 26, 2025

Resumen

La integración de fertilizantes orgánicos e inorgánicos mejora la salud del suelo y los rendimientos de los cultivos. Este enfoque equilibra las necesidades inmediatas de nutrientes con la fertilidad del suelo a largo plazo, reduciendo los riesgos ambientales como la lixiviación de nitratos.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencias Agrícolas; Ciencias del Suelo; Ciencias Ambientales

Sus antecedentes:

El uso excesivo de fertilizantes nitrogenados inorgánicos provoca problemas ambientales como la lixiviación de nitratos y las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero. Los fertilizantes orgánicos mejoran la actividad microbiana del suelo y la fertilidad del suelo a largo plazo. La optimización de las estrategias de fertilización es crucial para la agricultura sostenible.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar la aplicación integrada de fertilizantes nitrogenados orgánicos e inorgánicos. Optimizar la salud del suelo y la productividad de los cultivos. Mitigar los impactos ambientales asociados con la fertilización.

Principales métodos:

Se llevó a cabo un experimento de campo durante una temporada de cultivo de maíz utilizando un diseño de bloques aleatorizados. Seis tratamientos incluyeron diferentes proporciones de estiércol de oveja y fertilizante químico, además de controles. Se analizaron las propiedades del suelo (pH, DOC, NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺) y la abundancia de genes microbianos (AOA, AOB, nirK, nirS).

Principales resultados:

El tratamiento con 100% de estiércol de oveja mostró concentraciones significativamente más altas de carbono orgánico disuelto (DOC) y nitrato (NO₃⁻) en el suelo. El fertilizante inorgánico solo maximizó el contenido de nitrógeno del grano, lo que indica una rápida disponibilidad de nutrientes. Se observaron patrones distintos de expresión génica microbiana, y las altas entradas orgánicas promovieron la diversidad y actividad microbiana.

Conclusiones:

La fertilización integrada orgánica e inorgánica crea efectos sinérgicos para el ciclado de nutrientes. Este enfoque equilibra las necesidades inmediatas de nutrientes de los cultivos con la mejora a largo plazo del suelo. Mejora la nitrificación y desnitrificación microbiana, mejorando la salud del suelo y reduciendo los impactos ambientales.

Palabras clave:

expresión génica dinámica microbiana fertilización nitrogenada ciclado de nutrientes salud del suelo

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