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A device that transforms voltages from one value to another using induction is called a transformer. A transformer consists of two separate coils, or windings, wrapped around the same soft iron core. However, they are electrically insulated from each other.
The iron core has a substantial relative permeability. Therefore, the magnetic field lines generated due to the current in one winding are almost entirely confined within the core, such that the same magnetic flux permeates each turn of both...
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Transformers can provide desired voltages to a circuit by modifying the number of turns in the secondary windings.
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In 1931, physicist Ernst Ruska—building on the idea that magnetic fields can direct an electron beam just as lenses can direct a beam of light in an optical microscope—developed the first prototype of the electron microscope. This development led to the development of the field of electron microscopy. In the transmission electron microscope (TEM), electrons are produced by a hot tungsten element and accelerated by a potential difference in an electron gun, which gives them up to 400...
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Transformers in distribution systems can be broadly categorized into distribution substation transformers and other distribution transformers. They are crucial for stepping down high transmission voltages to levels suitable for distribution and end-user applications.
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In an ideal transformer, it is assumed that there are no energy losses, and, hence, all the power at the primary winding is transferred to the secondary winding. However, in reality,  the transformers always have some energy losses, and, hence, the output power obtained at the secondary winding is less than the input power at the primary winding due to energy losses.
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Tecnología de transformadores en ciencias moleculares

Jian Jiang1,2, Lu Ke1, Long Chen1

  • 1Research Center of Nonlinear Science, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China.

Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Computational molecular science
|December 26, 2025
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los modelos de transformadores, que utilizan mecanismos de autoatención, son potentes herramientas de aprendizaje profundo para la ciencia molecular. Esta revisión detalla algoritmos de transformadores como BERT y GPT, destacando sus aplicaciones técnicas en el procesamiento de datos moleculares complejos.

Palabras clave:
Ciencia de Datos > Inteligencia Artificial/Aprendizaje AutomáticoCiencia de Datos > Quimioinformáticabiologíaquímicaaprendizaje automáticociencia moleculartecnología de transformadores

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia Molecular
  • Inteligencia Artificial
  • Aprendizaje Profundo

Sus antecedentes:

  • La arquitectura del transformador, con autoatención, sobresale en el procesamiento de datos secuenciales.
  • Los modelos de aprendizaje profundo basados en transformadores son cada vez más vitales en la ciencia molecular.
  • Estos modelos capturan intrincadas dependencias jerárquicas en datos complejos.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Proporcionar una investigación técnica en profundidad de los algoritmos de aprendizaje automático basados en transformadores en la ciencia molecular.
  • Examinar el funcionamiento interno y la eficacia de varios modelos de transformadores para datos moleculares.
  • Discutir las tendencias emergentes y el potencial de investigación interdisciplinaria de los transformadores en este dominio.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión y análisis de arquitecturas de transformadores que incluyen GPT, BART, BERT, Graph Transformer, Transformer-XL, T5, ViT, DETR, Conformer, CLIP, Sparse Transformers y Mobile/Efficient Transformers.
  • Enfoque en los aspectos técnicos e innovaciones algorítmicas de estos modelos.
  • Examen de cómo las características arquitectónicas permiten el procesamiento de datos moleculares complejos.

Principales resultados:

  • Los transformadores procesan eficazmente datos moleculares secuenciales y complejos a través de la autoatención.
  • Modelos específicos como BERT, GPT y Graph Transformers muestran una promesa significativa.
  • Las innovaciones arquitectónicas contribuyen directamente a un rendimiento mejorado en aplicaciones moleculares.

Conclusiones:

  • Las técnicas de aprendizaje automático basadas en transformadores son fundamentales para los avances en la ciencia molecular.
  • La comprensión de estos aspectos técnicos es crucial para la futura investigación interdisciplinaria.
  • La revisión ofrece una visión general completa de las aplicaciones de los transformadores en el dominio molecular.