Dosificación de precisión de la vacuna recombinante de vaccinia mediante un parche de microagujas guiado por pilares...

Recent advances in microneedle array patch (MAP) technology have highlighted its potential for efficient and accessible vaccine delivery. In this study, we developed a pillar-guided MAP (PG-MAP) loaded with a recombinant vaccinia virus (r-DIs-S) expressing the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) gene. Our fabrication method enabled precise localization of a high viral titer (> 9.4 ± 1.8 × 10⁶ PFU per patch), as verified by plaque assay. In vivo immunization in mice demonstrated that the r-DIs-S-loaded PG-MAP elicited robust S-protein-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody responses. Upon SARS-CoV-2 challenge, all PG-MAP-immunized mice survived and maintained their body weight, whereas the control groups experienced severe results. These results demonstrated that the PG-MAP platform enables precise dosing, maintains viral stability, and induces potent protective immunity, offering a promising alternative for decentralized, minimally invasive vaccination strategies against emerging infectious diseases.