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Carga mundial de enfermedades neurológicas atribuibles a riesgos conductuales, 1990-2021
Neuroepidemiology
|December 31, 2025
Resumen
La carga de las enfermedades neurológicas aumentó de 1990 a 2021, siendo el accidente cerebrovascular el mayor contribuyente. Si bien algunas enfermedades disminuyeron, el consumo de alcohol aumentó la mortalidad por epilepsia idiopática, particularmente en adultos mayores.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurología
- Salud Pública
- Epidemiología
Sus antecedentes:
- Los riesgos conductuales contribuyen significativamente a la carga mundial de las enfermedades neurológicas.
- Comprender las tendencias en la carga de las enfermedades neurológicas atribuibles a los riesgos conductuales de 1990 a 2021 es crucial para las intervenciones de salud pública.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Analizar los cambios en la carga de las enfermedades neurológicas atribuidas a los riesgos conductuales entre 1990 y 2021.
- Identificar los riesgos conductuales específicos y los grupos demográficos más afectados por las enfermedades neurológicas.
- Proyectar tendencias futuras y evaluar las desigualdades regionales en salud.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizó la base de datos de la Carga Mundial de Enfermedades de 2021 para analizar la mortalidad estandarizada por edad (ASMR) y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (ASDR).
- Se emplearon la regresión Joinpoint y los modelos de cohortes de edad-período para evaluar los cambios y las tendencias.
- Se incorporó el modelado bayesiano para proyecciones futuras y análisis de desigualdades.
Principales resultados:
- La carga general de las enfermedades neurológicas aumentó, siendo el accidente cerebrovascular, la enfermedad de Alzheimer y otras demencias (EAOD), la epilepsia idiopática (EI) y la esclerosis múltiple (EM) los principales contribuyentes.
- La mortalidad por todas las causas (ASMR) y los años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (ASDR) para EAOD, EM y accidente cerebrovascular generalmente disminuyeron, pero la mortalidad por EI relacionada con el consumo de alcohol aumentó, especialmente en adultos mayores.
- La carga de la enfermedad fue mayor en los hombres; la carga de accidentes cerebrovasculares varió según el nivel del Índice Sociodemográfico (ISD), y se observaron importantes desigualdades regionales y de salud basadas en los ingresos.
Conclusiones:
- El tabaco sigue siendo el principal factor de riesgo de enfermedades neurológicas.
- El consumo de alcohol impacta significativamente la EI en adultos mayores y el accidente cerebrovascular en adultos jóvenes.
- Se necesitan intervenciones específicas para controlar los riesgos conductuales en los hombres y abordar la carga desproporcionada de accidentes cerebrovasculares en las poblaciones de bajos ingresos.
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