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Control inhibitorio relacionado con vías neuronales de la adversidad temprana a problemas internalizantes en la
Krupali R Patel1, Brianna N Hernandez1, Alyssa J Parker2
1Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States.
Journal of affective disorders
|January 11, 2026
Resumen
El estrés en la vida temprana puede conducir a la psicopatología adolescente, pero la actividad neuronal en regiones cerebrales como la corteza cingulada anterior (ACC) puede ofrecer protección. Las respuestas cerebrales específicas pueden mitigar el impacto de la adversidad temprana en la salud mental.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurociencia
- Psicología del Desarrollo
- Psiquiatría
Sus antecedentes:
- La adversidad en la vida temprana (p. ej., amenazas, privaciones) tiene impactos duraderos en la salud mental de los adolescentes.
- Las diferencias individuales en el desarrollo de la psicopatología sugieren mecanismos neuronales protectores.
- Las vías neuronales pueden diferenciar los resultados después del estrés en la vida temprana.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la relación longitudinal entre la adversidad temprana y los síntomas internalizantes adolescentes.
- Examinar si el funcionamiento neuronal en regiones cerebrales específicas modera esta relación.
- Comprender cómo la exposición a amenazas frente a privaciones influye en los síntomas internalizantes a través de la actividad neuronal.
Principales métodos:
- Se utilizaron datos de neuroimagen del estudio ABCD® (N=4881).
- Se examinó el funcionamiento neuronal relacionado con el control inhibitorio en la corteza cingulada anterior (ACC), el giro frontal superior (SFG) y el giro frontal inferior (IFG).
- Se evaluó la moderación del vínculo entre la adversidad temprana (amenaza/privación) y los síntomas internalizantes un año después.
Principales resultados:
- Las exposiciones acumulativas a amenazas/privaciones se correlacionaron positivamente con los síntomas internalizantes.
- La alta activación de la ACC y la SFG izquierda durante la inhibición atenuó el vínculo amenaza-adversidad.
- La alta activación de la SFG izquierda amplificó el vínculo privación-adversidad; la IFG no mostró efecto.
Conclusiones:
- El funcionamiento neuronal juega un papel diferencial en la mediación de los efectos de la adversidad en la vida temprana.
- Las interacciones entre la región cerebral y el tipo de adversidad son cruciales para comprender el desarrollo de la psicopatología.
- Se necesita más investigación sobre las vías neuronales para un enfoque basado en el cerebro de las intervenciones tempranas.
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