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La relación entre la oclusión dental y las disfunciones visuales: una revisión de la literatura
Fayez Saad Alshehri1, Ali S Alshehri2, Abdulmoeen E Alhejali3
1Department of Ophthalmology, Rumah General Hospital, Riyadh Second Health Cluster, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Journal of orthodontic science
|January 12, 2026
Resumen
La evidencia limitada sugiere vínculos entre la oclusión dental, los trastornos temporomandibulares (TMD) y la función visual. Sin embargo, la investigación actual es de muy baja certeza debido a fallas metodológicas, lo que requiere estudios más sólidos.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Medicina integrativa
- Oftalmología
- Odontología
- Neurología
Sus antecedentes:
- Los sistemas estomatognático y visual están teóricamente conectados.
- La evidencia existente sobre la oclusión dental, los trastornos temporomandibulares (TMD) y la función visual es fragmentada y de baja calidad.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Revisar sistemáticamente y evaluar críticamente la evidencia de asociaciones entre factores oclusales, TMD y parámetros visuales.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, búsqueda en MEDLINE (PubMed) de 1946 a marzo de 2025.
- Cribado independiente, extracción de datos y evaluación del riesgo de sesgo utilizando herramientas JBI.
- Síntesis narrativa de diez estudios incluidos (7 transversales, 2 reportes de caso, 1 experimental).
Principales resultados:
- Se encontraron asociaciones potenciales entre la maloclusión de Clase II y la miopía, actividad alterada de los músculos masticatorios en la miopía, respuestas pupilares anormales en TMD y trastornos de la vergencia en pacientes con TMD.
- La certeza general de la evidencia se calificó como muy baja debido al alto riesgo de sesgo, tamaños de muestra pequeños (20-150) y diseños transversales.
- La mayoría de los estudios se originaron en un solo grupo de investigación, lo que limita la generalización.
Conclusiones:
- La evidencia actual es insuficiente para establecer causalidad o significancia clínica para las asociaciones entre factores oclusales, TMD y función visual.
- El alto riesgo de sesgo, los tamaños de muestra pequeños y la falta de replicación independiente impiden conclusiones definitivas.
- Se necesitan estudios prospectivos de alta calidad y con potencia adecuada para confirmar estas asociaciones.
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