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Asociación entre respiración bucal y apnea obstructiva del sueño pediátrica: una revisión sistemática

Padmanabhan Vaishnavi¹, Shan Sushmita¹, K Vivek¹

¹Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramachandra Dental College and Hospital, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.

European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery

|January 12, 2026

Resumen

La respiración bucal está fuertemente relacionada con la apnea obstructiva del sueño pediátrica (AOSP). La identificación temprana de la respiración bucal puede ayudar en el diagnóstico y manejo de la AOSP, mejorando los resultados del tratamiento.

Área de la Ciencia:

Medicina del Sueño Pediátrico
Fisiología Respiratoria
Desarrollo Craneofacial

Sus antecedentes:

El sueño es vital para el desarrollo de los niños, pero los trastornos del sueño como la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) lo interrumpen.
La polisomnografía, el estándar de oro para el diagnóstico de AOS, tiene una accesibilidad limitada.
La respiración bucal es un indicador visible de AOSP y puede exacerbar el riesgo de AOS al afectar el crecimiento craneofacial.

Objetivo del estudio:

Revisar sistemáticamente y sintetizar la evidencia sobre la asociación entre la respiración bucal y la apnea obstructiva del sueño pediátrica (AOSP).

Principales métodos:

Búsqueda sistemática de literatura utilizando el marco PEO en múltiples bases de datos (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, etc.) hasta septiembre de 2025.
Se incluyeron 13 estudios (2 transversales, 11 de cohortes) después de un riguroso cribado y evaluación de calidad.
El análisis de datos se gestionó utilizando el software Distiller SR.

Principales resultados:

Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la respiración bucal y la gravedad de la AOS en la mayoría de los estudios.
La respiración bucal se identificó como un predictor potencial de AOSP persistente post-adenotonsilectomía.
La variabilidad en los métodos de diagnóstico entre los estudios condujo a algunos hallazgos inconsistentes.

Conclusiones:

La respiración bucal está estrechamente asociada con la AOSP, sirviendo como un marcador crucial para el diagnóstico temprano.
Reconocer la respiración bucal es esencial para evaluar la AOSP y monitorear la efectividad del tratamiento.
Los proveedores de atención médica deben estar atentos a la evaluación de la respiración bucal como un indicador temprano de AOSP.

Palabras clave:

Niños Desarrollo craneofacial Respiración bucal Hábitos orales Apnea obstructiva del sueño pediátrica Trastornos de la respiración durante el sueño

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