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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
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Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel...
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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination
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Determining Immune System Suppression versus CNS Protection for Pharmacological Interventions in Autoimmune Demyelination

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Inmunoterapias en la esclerosis múltiple progresiva

Tradite Neziraj1, Ludwig Kappos2, Anne-Katrin Pröbstel3

  • 1Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Departments of Biomedicine and of Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB), University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

Handbook of clinical neurology
|January 12, 2026
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad autoinmune del sistema nervioso central. La progresión, no solo las recaídas, impulsa la discapacidad, lo que requiere un enfoque en los procesos neurodegenerativos subyacentes para un tratamiento eficaz.

Palabras clave:
Células BInmunomodulaciónInflamaciónEsclerosis múltipleNeurodegeneraciónEM Primaria ProgresivaProgresión

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neuroinmunología
  • Neurodegeneración
  • Trastornos del Sistema Nervioso Central

Sus antecedentes:

  • La esclerosis múltiple (EM) es una enfermedad autoinmune del sistema nervioso central con factores de riesgo genéticos y ambientales.
  • Si bien se conocen los cursos recaídas y progresivos, la progresión de la enfermedad se reconoce ahora como el principal impulsor de la discapacidad neurológica en pacientes con EM.
  • La comprensión de la fisiopatología de la progresión de la EM es crucial para el desarrollo de terapias dirigidas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Destacar el papel crítico de la progresión de la enfermedad en la acumulación de discapacidad neurológica en la esclerosis múltiple.
  • Enfatizar la necesidad de definir los procesos fisiopatológicos dominantes que impulsan la progresión de la EM.
  • Discutir las implicaciones del conocimiento avanzado para el desarrollo de tratamientos inmunomoduladores dirigidos.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de la comprensión actual de la fisiopatología de la EM, centrándose en los aspectos progresivos.
  • Análisis de los sellos distintivos patológicos, incluida la inflamación del sistema nervioso central y la neurodegeneración.
  • Examen de los diseños de ensayos clínicos en evolución y las medidas de evaluación para la progresión de la EM.

Principales resultados:

  • Los elementos progresivos son el factor dominante para la acumulación de discapacidad neurológica en todos los cursos clínicos de la EM.
  • Los sellos distintivos patológicos incluyen inflamación compartimentada del sistema nervioso central y procesos neurodegenerativos, que conducen a la pérdida neuroaxonal y sináptica.
  • La creciente comprensión de la fisiopatología apoya el desarrollo de tratamientos inmunomoduladores dirigidos para la EM progresiva.

Conclusiones:

  • Definir los procesos fisiopatológicos dominantes que impulsan la progresión de la EM es indispensable.
  • Los diseños de ensayos clínicos novedosos y las medidas de evaluación avanzadas ofrecen oportunidades para regímenes de tratamiento personalizados.
  • Los tratamientos inmunomoduladores dirigidos están surgiendo para la EM progresiva basándose en una mejor comprensión fisiopatológica.