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El Enterarchon: Un antiguo cerebro visceral
Bryon Silva1, Mael Lemoine2, Michael Rera3
1Institut du Cerveau-Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France.
Current opinion in neurobiology
|January 15, 2026
Resumen
El antiguo sistema nervioso entérico, o Enterarchon, es anterior al cerebro y regula la homeostasis. Este cerebro visceral integra señales, desafiando los modelos de regulación centrados en el cerebro.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Fisiología comparada
- Neurociencia
- Biología evolutiva
Sus antecedentes:
- El tracto gastrointestinal (GI) posee circuitos neuronales intrínsecos y extrínsecos cruciales para la digestión, el metabolismo y la homeostasis.
- Estos circuitos incrustados en el intestino evolucionaron en paralelo en diversas líneas, precediendo a los cerebros centralizados.
- El sistema nervioso entérico (SNE) en vertebrados está bien mapeado, mientras que Drosophila ofrece resolución celular para vincular la identidad molecular con la función.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Explorar los orígenes evolutivos y los roles regulatorios del sistema nervioso que inerva el intestino.
- Desafiar los modelos centrados en el cerebro proponiendo el intestino como un regulador homeostático primario.
- Investigar cómo el eje intestino-SNE integra señales y sufre remodelaciones dinámicas.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis comparativo en metazoos, desde animales de ramificación temprana hasta Drosophila y vertebrados.
- Aprovechamiento de modelos de Drosophila para estudios celulares y funcionales de alta resolución.
- Integración de datos sobre componentes neuronales, epiteliales e inmunes del eje intestino-SNE.
Principales resultados:
- Los circuitos incrustados en el intestino evolucionaron temprano, coordinando la motilidad y la secreción antes que los cerebros centralizados.
- El eje intestino-SNE integra señales endocrinas e inmunes.
- El intestino sufre remodelaciones influenciadas por el sexo, la reproducción y el envejecimiento.
Conclusiones:
- El intestino, a través de sus componentes integrados, funciona como un "Enterarchon" —un cerebro visceral antiguo.
- Este Enterarchon juega un papel fundamental en la configuración de la homeostasis del organismo.
- Se propone una visión centrada en el intestino para complementar o desafiar los modelos tradicionales centrados en el cerebro de la regulación sistémica.
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