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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Author Spotlight: An Integrated Workflow to Study the Promoter-Centric Spatio-Temporal Genome Architecture in Scarce Cell Populations
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Perspectivas estructurales sobre el reconocimiento del promotor por Aca7

So Yeon Lee1,2, Hyun Ho Park1,2

  • 1College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea.

The FEBS journal
|January 16, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Las proteínas asociadas anti-CRISPR (Aca) regulan la expresión de genes anti-CRISPR (Acr). Este estudio revela la estructura de Aca7 unida al ADN, detallando cómo reprime la transcripción de AcrIF11 en Halomonas caseinilytica.

Palabras clave:
Aca7sistema CRISPR‐Casanti‐CRISPRasociado anti‐CRISPRestructura cristalina

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología Molecular
  • Biología Estructural
  • Genética

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los sistemas CRISPR-Cas ofrecen inmunidad adaptativa bacteriana contra fagos.
  • Las proteínas anti-CRISPR (Acr) son inhibidores codificados por fagos de CRISPR-Cas.
  • Las proteínas asociadas anti-CRISPR (Aca) regulan la expresión de Acr mediante la unión al ADN.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Identificar y caracterizar el motivo de unión al ADN para la proteína Aca7.
  • Determinar la estructura cristalina de Aca7 unida a su ADN diana.
  • Elucidar el mecanismo molecular de la represión transcripcional de AcrIF11 por Aca7.

Principales métodos:

  • Identificación del motivo de ADN de repetición invertida (IR) en el promotor del operón AcrIF11-Aca7.
  • Cristalografía de rayos X para determinar la estructura del complejo Aca7-ADN.
  • Ensayos bioquímicos para confirmar la unión específica de secuencias de ADN.

Principales resultados:

  • Primera identificación de un motivo IR en el promotor AcrIF11-Aca7 de Halomonas caseinilytica.
  • La estructura cristalina revela un dímero simétrico de Aca7 unido al ADN IR.
  • Aca7 utiliza motivos de hélice-giro-hélice para la unión al surco mayor y contactos del surco menor para la flexión del ADN.
  • Residuos específicos (R38, Q42, K46, K49) son cruciales para el reconocimiento de secuencias.

Conclusiones:

  • Aca7 reconoce y se une específicamente al elemento IR en el promotor AcrIF11-Aca7.
  • El estudio proporciona un mecanismo molecular detallado para la represión transcripcional mediada por Aca7.
  • Los hallazgos amplían la comprensión de la diversidad de proteínas Aca y las estrategias de regulación transcripcional.