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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Methods for Characterizing the Co-development of Biofilm and Habitat Heterogeneity

Methods for Characterizing the Co-development of Biofilm and Habitat Heterogeneity

Published on: March 11, 2015

Comunidad bacteriana asociada a la superficie y el interior de los forcípulos de ciempiés: Identificación y

Yasutaka Tanaka¹, Daiki Mizushima², Yoshimitsu Izawa¹

¹Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.

|January 16, 2026

Abstracto

Background:

In tropical to subtropical regions, centipede bites may prompt medical attention, with manifestations largely reflecting venom-related discomfort, although infections, including rare fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI), have been reported. However, no reports are available on the commensal bacteria on centipede forcipules.

Objectives:

This study aimed to investigate bacterial species residing on and in centipede forcipules and their potential role in post-bite infections.

Methods:

Nine Scolopendra mutilans, three Scolopendra japonica, and two Bothropolys rugosus were collected from three regions in Japan. The bacterial composition of their forcipules was analyzed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing and microbiome analysis.

Findings:

A diverse bacterial community was observed on the centipede forcipules. Among the NSTI-associated genera examined (Escherichia, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus), only Staphylococcus was identified as a minor population.

Conclusion:

This study provides the first evidence that some bacteria found on centipede forcipules have been previously isolated from centipede bite infections. The risk of infection from bacteria on centipede forcipules during a centipede bite appears low. However, the presence of diverse bacterial species emphasizes the importance of thoroughly cleaning centipede bite wounds to prevent secondary infection.

Palabras clave:

microbiología ciempiés forcípulos bacterias infección picaduras Staphylococcus cuidado de heridas

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