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Vías Cognitivas en el Desarrollo Atípico: Funciones Ejecutivas en Niños con Trastorno por Déficit de

Kalliopi Megari^1,2, Kremena D Genova³

¹Department of Psychology-CITY College, University of York Europe Campus, Thessaloniki, Greece.

International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience

|January 16, 2026

Resumen

Las funciones ejecutivas son habilidades cognitivas clave y vitales para el logro de objetivos y la adaptación del comportamiento. La intervención temprana durante los años preescolares puede beneficiar significativamente a los niños con afecciones del neurodesarrollo como el TDAH y los TEL.

Área de la Ciencia:

Neurociencia
Psicología del Desarrollo
Ciencias Cognitivas

Sus antecedentes:

Las funciones ejecutivas son procesos cognitivos superiores críticos que influyen en el comportamiento dirigido a objetivos y en los resultados de la vida.
El período preescolar es una ventana sensible para el desarrollo de las funciones ejecutivas, y las intervenciones tempranas muestran beneficios significativos.
La comprensión de los déficits de las funciones ejecutivas en el desarrollo atípico es crucial para un apoyo específico.

Objetivo del estudio:

Revisar los déficits de las funciones ejecutivas en niños con afecciones del neurodesarrollo.
Explorar las trayectorias de desarrollo y los factores de riesgo asociados con estos déficits.
Destacar las implicaciones clínicas e identificar las lagunas en la investigación.

Principales métodos:

Este estudio es una revisión narrativa de la literatura existente.
Se centra en las afecciones del neurodesarrollo, específicamente el trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) y los trastornos específicos del aprendizaje (TEL).
La revisión sintetiza información sobre déficits de las funciones ejecutivas, trayectorias de desarrollo y riesgos asociados.

Principales resultados:

Los niños con TDAH y TEL a menudo presentan déficits específicos en las funciones ejecutivas.
Las trayectorias de desarrollo varían, influenciadas por factores de riesgo genéticos y ambientales.
La identificación e intervención tempranas se asocian con mejores resultados.

Conclusiones:

Los déficits de las funciones ejecutivas en el TDAH y los TEL requieren enfoques clínicos adaptados.
Se necesita más investigación para dilucidar completamente los mecanismos subyacentes y optimizar las intervenciones.
Son esenciales estudios longitudinales para seguir las trayectorias de desarrollo y la eficacia de la intervención.

Palabras clave:

desarrollo atípico niños primera infancia funciones ejecutivas trastornos del neurodesarrollo evaluación neuropsicológica

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