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Glaucoma: Overview01:25

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
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Alterations in Respiration II01:30

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There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes...
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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Primary Active Transport01:47

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 21, 2026

A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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Interconversión y transporte de fosfolípidos alterados en el glaucoma

Genea Edwards1,2, Ruminder Kaur1,3, Anna Mueller1,3

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.

FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology
|January 20, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

El glaucoma está relacionado con alteraciones de los fosfolípidos y un aumento de la actividad de la fosfatidilserina descarboxilasa (PSD) en el sistema de drenaje del ojo. La modulación de los niveles de PSD afecta directamente la presión intraocular (PIO), ofreciendo nuevas dianas terapéuticas para el glaucoma.

Palabras clave:
humor acuosoglaucomafosfolípidoglaucoma primario de ángulo abiertomalla trabecular

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología ocular
  • Metabolismo lipídico
  • Investigación sobre glaucoma

Sus antecedentes:

  • El glaucoma, una causa principal de ceguera irreversible, implica una presión intraocular (PIO) elevada debido a la alteración del flujo de salida del humor acuoso (AH).
  • La malla trabecular (TM) es crucial para el flujo de salida del AH, y su disfunción está implicada en el glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto (GPAA).

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar el papel de los fosfolípidos (PL) y la enzima fosfatidilserina descarboxilasa (PSD) en la TM de pacientes con glaucoma.
  • Explorar posibles anomalías en el transporte de lípidos y su conexión con la regulación de la PIO en el glaucoma.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis de los niveles de fosfolípidos y la actividad de PSD en tejidos de TM de pacientes con glaucoma y controles normotensos.
  • Manipulación experimental de los niveles de PSD en ratones para evaluar su efecto sobre la PIO.
  • Identificación de especies lipídicas oculares específicas y alteraciones de los transportadores de lípidos en modelos de glaucoma.

Principales resultados:

  • Los individuos con GPAA presentan niveles alterados de PL y aumento de la actividad de PSD en la TM.
  • La elevación de PSD en ratones normotensos aumenta la PIO, mientras que la reducción de PSD en ratones con glaucoma restaura la PIO normal.
  • Los PL específicos muestran niveles variables en TM y AH, lo que sugiere defectos en el transporte de lípidos, con niveles alterados del transportador de lípidos ATP8B2 implicado.

Conclusiones:

  • La actividad de PSD es un regulador clave de la PIO y una diana terapéutica potencial para el glaucoma.
  • Las alteraciones en fosfolípidos específicos y el transportador de lípidos ATP8B2 pueden contribuir a la patogénesis del glaucoma al afectar el transporte y la función de los lípidos dentro de la TM.