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Funcionamiento cognitivo en trastornos del espectro psicótico: estado actual e implicaciones clínicas
Tijdschrift voor psychiatrie
|January 20, 2026
Resumen
Los déficits cognitivos son frecuentes en los trastornos del espectro psicótico (TEP), pero a menudo se pasan por alto. La remediación cognitiva (RC) muestra beneficios para mejorar la función cognitiva y la vida diaria en pacientes con TEP.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurociencia; Psiquiatría; Psicología Cognitiva
Sus antecedentes:
- Los déficits cognitivos afectan a ~70% de las personas con trastornos del espectro psicótico (TEP), lo que impacta significativamente en el funcionamiento diario.; Estos déficits a menudo son infravalorados clínicamente y carecen de especificidad para la clasificación del DSM.; Los déficits cognitivos fueron históricamente centrales para el concepto de demencia praecox.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Proporcionar una visión general exhaustiva de la literatura sobre la función cognitiva en los trastornos del espectro psicótico.; Destacar la prevalencia, el curso y el impacto de los déficits cognitivos en los TEP.; Revisar las estrategias de tratamiento actuales y su eficacia.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión sistemática y resumen de la literatura existente sobre cognición en TEP.; Análisis de los hallazgos de estudios de neuroimagen y genéticos relacionados con la disfunción cognitiva.; Evaluación de la eficacia de los tratamientos farmacológicos y la remediación cognitiva.
Principales resultados:
- Los pacientes con TEP presentan puntuaciones más bajas en la mayoría de los dominios cognitivos en comparación con la población general, con una variabilidad considerable entre pacientes.; Ningún déficit cognitivo es exclusivo de los TEP; se recomienda el cribado tras el primer episodio psicótico (p. ej., batería MATRICS).; La remediación cognitiva (RC) demuestra efectos beneficiosos, mientras que los tratamientos farmacológicos ofrecen solo mejoras modestas.
Conclusiones:
- La integración del cribado cognitivo sistemático y la RC en los planes de tratamiento de los TEP puede mejorar el funcionamiento y la calidad de vida de los pacientes.; A pesar de las recomendaciones, la disponibilidad práctica de la remediación cognitiva sigue siendo limitada.; Se necesita más investigación y estrategias de implementación para abordar los déficits cognitivos en los TEP.
Palabras clave:
trastornos del espectro psicóticodeterioro cognitivoremediación cognitivaneuropsicologíatratamiento psiquiátricoMás Videos Relacionados
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