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Las poblaciones de animales envejecen y amenazan los objetivos de conservación de los zoológicos

João Pedro Meireles¹, Max Hahn-Klimroth², Laurie Bingaman Lackey³

¹Clinic for Zoo Animals, Exotic Pets and Wildlife, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|January 20, 2026

Resumen

Las poblaciones de animales de zoológico están envejeciendo debido a una mayor esperanza de vida y una menor reproducción. Este cambio demográfico amenaza la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las poblaciones de zoológicos y sus objetivos de conservación.

Área de la Ciencia:

Gestión de poblaciones zoológicas
Biología de la conservación
Demografía animal

Sus antecedentes:

Los avances en la zootecnia han llevado a una mayor longevidad en los animales alojados en zoológicos.
Esta mayor esperanza de vida tensa la capacidad de carga limitada de las instituciones zoológicas.
La limitación reproductiva ha sido una estrategia común para gestionar el crecimiento de la población.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar las tendencias demográficas de las poblaciones de mamíferos de zoológico.
Analizar el impacto de la gestión reproductiva en las estructuras de edad de la población.
Evaluar la viabilidad a largo plazo de los esfuerzos de conservación ex situ en zoológicos.

Principales métodos:

Análisis de datos demográficos de 774 poblaciones de mamíferos en zoológicos europeos y norteamericanos.
La recopilación de datos abarcó desde 1970 hasta 2023.
Se examinaron las tendencias de la población independientemente de la región, la taxonomía, el estado de conservación o el tipo de programa de cría.

Principales resultados:

Un aumento constante en la proporción de individuos mayores en todas las poblaciones de mamíferos de zoológico analizadas.
Una disminución correspondiente en los individuos jóvenes y adultos en reproducción activa.
Estas tendencias de envejecimiento se observaron en diversos grupos, incluidos los regionales, taxonómicos y de estado de conservación.

Conclusiones:

La tendencia demográfica de envejecimiento en las poblaciones de zoológicos pone en peligro su sostenibilidad a largo plazo.
Esta tendencia compromete la capacidad de los zoológicos para lograr objetivos críticos de conservación ex situ.
Las estrategias actuales de gestión de poblaciones de zoológicos requieren una reevaluación para abordar estos cambios demográficos insostenibles.

Palabras clave:

demografía gestión de poblaciones reproducción conservación de especies jardines zoológicos

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