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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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Non-inertial Frames of Reference01:27

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A reference frame accelerating or decelerating relative to an inertial frame is a non-inertial frame. To help understand this, consider what taking off in an airplane, turning a corner in a car, riding a merry-go-round, and the circular motion of a tropical cyclone all have in common. All these systems are accelerating, decelerating, or rotating relative to the Earth; hence, they all are non-inertial frames. All these systems exhibit inertial forces, which merely seem to arise from motion,...
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Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
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The interval estimate of any variable is known as the prediction interval. It helps decide if a point estimate is dependable.
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Common Ion Effect

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Confidence Intervals01:21

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An unbiased point estimate is often insufficient to predict a population estimate, such as population mean or population proportion. In this scenario, a confidence interval is used. A confidence interval is an estimate similar to a  sample proportion. However, unlike the point estimate which is a single value, the confidence interval  contains a range of values. These values have lower and upper limits, known as confidence limits, and can be designated as L1 and L2, respectively.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 23, 2026

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Intervalos de referencia comunes propuestos para marcadores de recambio óseo en la osteoporosis

S A Paul Chubb1, Samuel D Vasikaran2

  • 1Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia.

Pathology
|January 21, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Este estudio establece intervalos de referencia comunes para los marcadores de recambio óseo (BTM) como P1NP y β-CTX, lo que ayuda en el diagnóstico de la osteoporosis. Destaca la necesidad de intervalos específicos del método para BALP y TRACP5b en la práctica clínica.

Palabras clave:
fosfatasa alcalina específica del huesotelopéptido C-terminal del colágeno tipo Ipropéptido N-terminal del colágeno tipo Ianálisis combinadomarcadores de recambio óseo de referenciaintervalos de referencia para adultostartrato-resistente fosfatasa ácida 5b

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Bioquímica; Química Clínica; Endocrinología

Sus antecedentes:

  • El propéptido N-terminal del procolágeno tipo I (P1NP) y el telopéptido C-terminal de la β-colágeno tipo 1 (β-CTX) son marcadores de recambio óseo (BTM) establecidos para la osteoporosis. La fosfatasa alcalina ósea (BALP) y la tartrato-resistente fosfatasa ácida 5b (TRACP5b) son ahora reconocidas para la osteoporosis asociada a la enfermedad renal crónica. Existe una necesidad clínica de intervalos de referencia estandarizados para estos BTM.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar intervalos de referencia comunes candidatos para P1NP, β-CTX, BALP y TRACP5b utilizando métodos automatizados. Sintetizar los datos actuales de la literatura para establecer estos intervalos para poblaciones adultas.

Principales métodos:

  • Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura para identificar estudios que informaran sobre intervalos de referencia para los BTM especificados. Se combinaron datos de 31 estudios, analizando el método, la edad, el sexo y los límites del intervalo. Se calcularon medias ponderadas y límites de confianza para diferentes grupos demográficos.

Principales resultados:

  • Se encontraron intervalos de referencia comunes para P1NP aplicables a los métodos iSYS y Cobas. Se requieren intervalos de referencia distintos para los ensayos de β-CTX de iSYS y Cobas. Son necesarios intervalos de referencia separados para los ensayos de BALP de iSYS y Beckman Ostase; los datos para los métodos automatizados de TRACP5b fueron limitados.

Conclusiones:

  • Se han desarrollado intervalos de referencia comunes candidatos para los BTM clave para uso clínico. Los hallazgos respaldan el refinamiento de los intervalos existentes e identifican áreas que necesitan más investigación, particularmente para los ensayos automatizados de TRACP5b.