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In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
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Control Volume and System Representations01:16

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Two key frameworks are employed to analyze mass, energy, and momentum transfer: the control volume approach and the system approach. These frameworks offer different perspectives, depending on whether the focus is on a specific region in space (control volume approach) or a defined mass of fluid (system approach).
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Newton's second law is applied to obtain the linear momentum in a control volume in a fluid system. According to this law, the rate of change of linear momentum is equal to the sum of external forces acting on the system. When a control volume matches the fluid system at a specific moment, the forces acting on both are identical. Reynolds transport theorem helps explain this by breaking down the system's linear momentum into two components: the rate of change of linear momentum within...
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Consider a turbine operating under steady-flow conditions. The control volume is drawn around the turbine, with fluid entering at one point and exiting at another. The turbine extracts energy from the fluid, which performs mechanical work (shaft work).
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In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
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The principle of conservation of mass is fundamental in fluid dynamics and is crucial for analyzing flow within fixed control volumes, such as pipes or ducts. This principle states that the total mass within a control volume remains constant unless altered by the inflow or outflow of mass through the control surfaces. This results in a vital relationship for steady, incompressible flow where the mass entering a system equals the mass leaving it.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 25, 2026

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Dinámica del tamaño de poro controla la hinchazón compleja del volumen en la piroptosis

Estelle Bastien1,2, Guillaume Duprez1, Hélène Delanoë-Ayari1

  • 1Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS UMR5306, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne F-69100, France.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|January 23, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

La piroptosis implica hinchazón y ruptura celular. Este estudio revela una meseta transitoria del volumen durante la piroptosis controlada por la ampliación del poro de la gasdermin D (GSDMD) y la activación de ninjurina-1 (Ninj1), aclarando los mecanismos de la muerte celular lítica.

Palabras clave:
muerte celularregulación del volumen celularpermeabilidad de membranapiroptosis

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Biología celular; Biofísica; Investigación de la inflamación

Sus antecedentes:

  • La piroptosis es una vía de muerte celular proinflamatoria caracterizada por la hinchazón y la ruptura de la membrana celular.; Estudios previos identificaron dos fases de hinchazón, pero los mecanismos moleculares y biofísicos subyacentes no estaban claros.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Elucidar los mecanismos moleculares y biofísicos que impulsan el proceso de hinchazón en dos pasos en la piroptosis.; Investigar el papel de la dinámica del poro de la gasdermin D (GSDMD) y ninjurina-1 (Ninj1) en la regulación del volumen de la piroptosis.

Principales métodos:

  • Se utilizó microscopía cuantitativa rápida para observar la dinámica del volumen celular.; Se desarrolló un modelo físico que integra la dinámica de la bomba y la fuga de iones con la formación de poros.; Se moduló experimentalmente la ampliación del poro de GSDMD y la activación de Ninj1.

Principales resultados:

  • Se identificó una meseta transitoria del volumen celular entre las fases de hinchazón, a pesar de la permeabilidad sostenida de la membrana.; Se demostró que la dinámica de ampliación del poro de la gasdermin D (GSDMD), modulada por ninjurina-1 (Ninj1), controla esta meseta.; Se demostró que Ninj1 es esencial para la segunda fase de hinchazón y que los poros de GSDMD tienen un radio hidrodinámico de ~1,9 nm.

Conclusiones:

  • La desregulación del volumen de la piroptosis resulta de acciones secuenciales de GSDMD y Ninj1, creando estados de permeabilidad distintos.; Estos hallazgos vinculan eventos moleculares con cambios biofísicos en la muerte celular lítica.; Las ideas avanzan la comprensión de la ruptura de la membrana en la inflamación y la enfermedad.