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Fetal Circulation01:14

Fetal Circulation

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Fetal circulation is a unique system that facilitates the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between the developing fetus and the mother. This intricate process takes place through a special organ called the placenta.
Two umbilical arteries transport blood from the fetus to the placenta. At the placenta, the blood absorbs oxygen and nutrients while simultaneously eliminating waste products. This oxygen-enriched and nutrient-rich blood then returns to the fetus through one...
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Coronary Circulation01:21

Coronary Circulation

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The heart, an organ critical to survival, gets nourishment not from the blood it pumps but from a separate circulation system known as coronary circulation. This is the shortest circulation in the body and is responsible for supplying the heart with the nutrients it needs to function effectively.
Coronary circulation begins at the base of the aorta, where two main arteries arise—the left and right coronary arteries. These arteries encircle the heart in the coronary sulcus and supply the...
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Overview of Pulmonary Circulation01:19

Overview of Pulmonary Circulation

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The pulmonary circulation is a vital system in our body that acts as a bridge between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. It serves as a transport network for deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
The process begins with the right ventricle of the heart pumping deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk. This large vessel extends about 5 centimeters before splitting into the left and right pulmonary arteries. These arteries...
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Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation01:15

Overview of Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

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The systemic and pulmonary circuits are crucial components of the circulatory system, working together to transport blood between the heart, lungs, and the rest of the body. The process begins with pulmonary circulation, where deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk and arteries. Upon reaching the lungs, the blood becomes oxygenated and returns to the heart, specifically to the left atrium, via the pulmonary veins.
The oxygenated blood is sent...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
08:31

Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Published on: October 17, 2025

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Biomarcadores circulantes en leucemia

Aiyun Dong1, Mehdi Jahedi Zargar2, Amirhossein Mirzazadeh3

  • 1Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.

Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry
|January 25, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Las biopsias líquidas ofrecen una forma menos invasiva de monitorizar cánceres de la sangre utilizando biomarcadores circulantes como el ADN libre de células (cfDNA). Estos análisis de sangre ayudan a seguir la eficacia del tratamiento y a detectar recaídas antes que los métodos tradicionales.

Palabras clave:
Biomarcadores circulantesLeucemiaBiopsia líquidaEnfermedad residual mínima (MRD)Hematología de precisión

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Hematología
  • Oncología
  • Diagnóstico Molecular

Sus antecedentes:

  • La biopsia líquida analiza biomarcadores circulantes (cfDNA, ctDNA, miRNAs, EVs) para obtener información en tiempo real sobre las neoplasias hematológicas.
  • Los ensayos basados en sangre ofrecen ventajas de muestreo serial sobre la biopsia de médula ósea para capturar cambios temporales y heterogeneidad.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Revisar las tecnologías actuales, las aplicaciones clínicas y las oportunidades traslacionales para los biomarcadores circulantes en la leucemia.
  • Discutir los desafíos que dificultan la implementación clínica de estos biomarcadores.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión de las tecnologías actuales de secuenciación de alto rendimiento y PCR digital para la detección de biomarcadores.
  • Análisis de estudios clínicos que correlacionan la cinética del ADN tumoral circulante (ctDNA) con los resultados de los pacientes.
  • Evaluación de las barreras para la estandarización de ensayos y la interpretación de variantes de baja frecuencia.

Principales resultados:

  • Los avances en la tecnología mejoran la sensibilidad para la detección de la enfermedad residual mínima (ERM), la evolución clonal y las mutaciones de resistencia.
  • La cinética del ctDNA se correlaciona con la supervivencia libre de progresión y la supervivencia general en neoplasias linfoides y mieloides, lo que sugiere su potencial como un sustituto temprano del beneficio del tratamiento.
  • La sensibilidad varía según la biología de la enfermedad, lo que requiere la combinación con la ERM basada en médula y la secuenciación de leucocitos pendiente de estandarización.

Conclusiones:

  • Los biomarcadores circulantes prometen decisiones de tratamiento personalizadas y detección temprana de recaídas en neoplasias hematológicas.
  • La estandarización de los ensayos, la comprensión de la variabilidad biológica y los marcos de interpretación sólidos son cruciales para la integración clínica.
  • Se necesita una mayor estandarización prospectiva antes de la adopción generalizada, especialmente para el ctDNA, en combinación con métodos tradicionales.