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Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
Torque can be considered as the rotational counterpart to force. Since forces change the translational...
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Torque Free Motion01:15

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The torque-free motion refers to the movement of a rigid body in space when no external torques are acting upon it. This type of motion can be observed in environments where there are no external forces or frictions, like in outer space. For example, a rotation of Mars in space is a torque-free motion. Mars is an axisymmetric object, meaning it has an axis of symmetry along which it rotates, designated as the z-axis. The rotating frame of reference is defined such that the center of mass of...
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Net Torque Calculations01:19

Net Torque Calculations

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When a mechanic tries to remove a hex nut with a wrench, it is easier if the force is applied at the farthest end of the wrench handle. The lever arm is the distance from the pivot point (the hex nut in this case) to the person’s hand. If this distance is large, the torque is higher. Only the component of the force perpendicular to the lever arm contributes to the torque. Therefore, pushing the wrench perpendicular to the lever arm is more advantageous. If multiple people apply force to...
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Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field01:13

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...
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Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange01:16

Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange

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Gas behavior plays a vital role in understanding bodily processes such as external and internal respiration. External respiration involves the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it in the lungs. In contrast, internal respiration happens in body tissues, where these gases move in opposite directions.
Gas Laws Governing Respiration
The behavior of gases is guided by Dalton's Law of partial pressures and Henry's Law.
Dalton's Law asserts that the total...
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Correlations02:20

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Correlation means that there is a relationship between two or more variables (such as ice cream consumption and crime), but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect. When two variables are correlated, it simply means that as one variable changes, so does the other. We can measure correlation by calculating a statistic known as a correlation coefficient. A correlation coefficient is a number from -1 to +1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between...
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Updated: Jan 27, 2026

Magnetic Tweezers for the Measurement of Twist and Torque
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Torques de Espín Físicos a partir de Torques de Intercambio-Correlación Exactamente Restringidos

Jacques K Desmarais1, Kamel Bencheikh2, Giovanni Vignale3

  • 1Università di Torino, Dipartimento di Chimica, via Giuria 5, 10125 Torino, Italy.

Physical review letters
|January 26, 2026
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Este estudio presenta la DFT de corriente de espín para capturar con precisión los torques de espín físicos en sistemas magnéticos no colineales. Resuelve los torques espurios de intercambio-correlación, permitiendo simulaciones precisas de la dinámica de espín.

Palabras clave:
DFT de corriente de espíntorques de espín físicosmagnetismo no colinealacoplamiento espín-órbitadinámica de espín

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física de la Materia Condensada
  • Mecánica Cuántica
  • Ciencia de Materiales

Sus antecedentes:

  • La teoría funcional de la densidad de espín (SDFT) tiene dificultades para modelar con precisión los torques de espín físicos en sistemas magnéticos no colineales.
  • Las limitaciones de SDFT incluyen torques espurios de intercambio-correlación y la incapacidad de incorporar rigurosamente potenciales vectoriales y acoplamientos espín-órbita.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un marco teórico robusto para capturar torques de espín físicos en magnetismo no colineal.
  • Superar las limitaciones de SDFT en la descripción de la dinámica de espín.

Principales métodos:

  • Proponer una solución que utiliza la invarianza U(1)×SU(2) de la energía de intercambio-correlación dentro de la DFT de corriente de espín.
  • Aprovechar una restricción exacta inaccesible para la SDFT estándar.

Principales resultados:

  • Lograr torques de intercambio-correlación no nulos en soluciones no colineales que están restringidas por simetría interna.
  • Demostrar que estos torques restringidos no afectan la propagación de la magnetización de espín.

Conclusiones:

  • La dinámica de espín se describe con precisión únicamente por corrientes físicas y torques de espín físicos.
  • El enfoque propuesto de DFT de corriente de espín proporciona un método riguroso para estudiar torques de espín en sistemas magnéticos complejos.