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Exposición ocupacional a soldadura de metales y cataratas: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis
Jakob Bjerager1, Esben Meulengracht Flachs2,3, Martin Nissen Hermann1
1Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.
Acta ophthalmologica
|January 27, 2026
Resumen
La soldadura ocupacional de metales se asocia con un mayor riesgo de cataratas, particularmente en países de ingresos bajos y medianos. Los países de altos ingresos no mostraron una asociación significativa, lo que sugiere disparidades en las medidas de seguridad y los diseños de los estudios.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Oftalmología; Salud Ocupacional; Epidemiología
Sus antecedentes:
- La soldadura de metales emite radiación ultravioleta (RUV) que se ha relacionado con la formación de cataratas.
- Estudios previos sobre soldadura y riesgo de cataratas han arrojado resultados contradictorios.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Realizar una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de estudios epidemiológicos sobre la asociación entre la soldadura ocupacional de metales y las cataratas.
- Investigar las posibles disparidades en el riesgo de cataratas entre los soldadores en diferentes entornos económicos.
Principales métodos:
- Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática de literatura en siete bases de datos hasta el 15 de noviembre de 2023.
- Los estudios incluidos compararon la ocurrencia de cataratas ajustada por edad en soldadores frente a grupos de control.
- Se utilizaron metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios para combinar datos de nueve estudios identificados.
Principales resultados:
- El metaanálisis incluyó a 5165 soldadores y 513 026 controles, con una heterogeneidad considerable (I²=39%).
- Se encontró un odds ratio (OR) combinado de 1.22 (IC del 95%: 0.79-1.90) para cataratas en países de altos ingresos.
- En países de ingresos bajos y medianos, el OR fue significativamente mayor, con 2.95 (IC del 95%: 1.68-5.19).
Conclusiones:
- Los soldadores en países de ingresos bajos y medianos enfrentan un mayor riesgo de cataratas, a diferencia de aquellos en países de altos ingresos.
- Las disparidades pueden deberse a diferencias en la seguridad ocupacional, las metodologías de estudio y la posible modificación de la RUV.
- Se necesita más investigación para aclarar el riesgo preciso de cataratas para los soldadores a nivel mundial.
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