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Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder01:29

Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorder

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The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.
Biological approach
The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic...
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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
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Theories play an essential role in organizing patient care. Theories refer to a proposed or followed belief, policy, or procedure that is the basis for action. Nursing theories are knowledge-based concepts that guide nurses' actions, influence nursing education and practice, and allow nurses to care for their patients.
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ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

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In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased...
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Optimization of an Industrial Sector Regulated by an International Treaty. The Case for Transportation of Perishable Foodstuff.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
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Optimización de las Pruebas Isotérmicas ATP: Un Enfoque Teórico y Experimental

Juan P Martínez-Val Piera1, Alberto Ramos Millán2

  • 1Túnel de Frío, Fundación para el Fomento de la Innovación Industrial, Eric Kandel, 1, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Este estudio optimiza el Tratado ATP

Palabras clave:
ATPtemperatura controladaoptimización de energíapruebas isotérmicasoptimizacióntransporte

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Termodinámica
  • Transferencia de Calor
  • Ciencia de los Alimentos

Sus antecedentes:

  • El Acuerdo Internacional sobre el Transporte de Mercancías Perecederas por Carretera (ATP) tiene una prueba isotérmica larga y costosa para contenedores refrigerados.
  • El protocolo actual de la ATP carece de justificación científica y puede mejorarse.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Optimizar el protocolo de prueba isotérmica ATP para la calificación de contenedores refrigerados.
  • Desarrollar un método de prueba más rápido, rentable y científicamente fundamentado.
  • Reducir la duración de la prueba manteniendo la precisión de la estabilización térmica.

Principales métodos:

  • Se desarrolló un marco de transferencia de calor utilizando conducción transitoria y difusividad térmica.
  • Se estimaron los tiempos de estabilización utilizando criterios adimensionales.
  • Se realizaron pruebas experimentales exhaustivas en contenedores ATP para validar predicciones e identificar fenómenos como fugas de aire y efectos de chimenea.

Principales resultados:

  • Se propuso un protocolo revisado que reduce la duración de la prueba de más de 18 horas a aproximadamente 2 horas.
  • Se redujo la incertidumbre en la determinación del coeficiente global de transferencia de calor (K) del 2-2.3% a 0.7-1.0%.
  • Se suprimieron efectos físicos secundarios como fugas de aire y pérdidas de calor latente, mejorando la representatividad del valor K.

Conclusiones:

  • El protocolo optimizado ofrece una alternativa científicamente fundamentada y rentable para los estándares ATP.
  • El nuevo método reduce significativamente el tiempo de prueba y mejora la precisión.
  • Este avance mejora la fiabilidad de la calificación de contenedores refrigerados.