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Optimización de Sistemas Criogénicos de Separación de Gases Basada en Análisis Exergético - El Ciclo Claude-Heylandt
Dănuț-Cristian Urduza1, Lavinia Grosu2, Alexandru Serban1
1Department of Engineering Thermodynamics, National University of Science and Technology Politehnica București, 060042 Bucharest, Romania.
Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 28, 2026
Resumen
Este estudio optimizó la separación criogénica de aire utilizando el ciclo Claude-Heylandt, reduciendo significativamente la pérdida de energía en los intercambiadores de calor. El nuevo método aumenta la eficiencia exergética y la fracción de aire licuado en comparación con los ciclos tradicionales.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Termodinámica
- Ingeniería Química
- Criogenia
Sus antecedentes:
- Los sistemas criogénicos de licuefacción de aire dependen en gran medida de intercambiadores de calor regenerativos, donde ocurre una pérdida de energía significativa (destrucción de exergía) debido a la transferencia de calor.
- La optimización de estos sistemas es crucial para reducir el consumo de energía mecánica.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Investigar la optimización exergética de los sistemas criogénicos de separación de gases.
- Analizar el ciclo Claude-Heylandt como una modificación avanzada del ciclo Linde-Hampson para mejorar la eficiencia.
Principales métodos:
- Análisis basado en exergía para identificar fuentes de pérdida de energía.
- Implementación del ciclo Claude-Heylandt con un expansor paralelo para controlar las capacidades caloríficas de las corrientes.
- Análisis sistemático de parámetros clave: presión de compresión, diferencias de temperatura y temperatura de entrada del expansor.
- Integración y optimización de una columna de separación de aire dentro del ciclo Claude-Heylandt utilizando la minimización de la generación de entropía.
Principales resultados:
- La configuración Claude-Heylandt redujo la destrucción de exergía en los intercambiadores de calor del 14% al 3,5%.
- La eficiencia exergética aumentó cuatro veces y la fracción de aire licuado aumentó 3,6 veces en comparación con el ciclo Linde-Hampson.
- Se identificaron los parámetros óptimos para la columna de separación de aire integrada, equilibrando el beneficio termodinámico y la complejidad estructural.
Conclusiones:
- La optimización basada en exergía es muy eficaz para mejorar los procesos criogénicos de licuefacción y separación.
- El ciclo Claude-Heylandt ofrece una ventaja termodinámica significativa sobre el ciclo clásico Linde-Hampson.
- La minimización de la generación de entropía proporciona un criterio de diseño unificado para sistemas criogénicos complejos.
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