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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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The psychodynamic perspective in psychology asserts that most personality functions operate unconsciously, outside of awareness. This means that the motives and emotions driving behavior often remain hidden, automatically buried in the unconscious mind as a defense mechanism to shield us from psychological distress. According to this theory, the unconscious mind contains thoughts, memories, and emotions that are too disturbing to face directly.
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Social cognitive perspectives on personality emphasize the importance of conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals in shaping behavior. These perspectives incorporate behaviorist principles, such as learning through reinforcement and conditioning, but extend beyond them by highlighting human reasoning and planning. Unlike traditional behaviorist views, social cognitive theory focuses on how individuals reflect on their past experiences and plan for future outcomes by considering...
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In a study where individuals posing as strangers offered compliments and proposed casual sex to students, the responses differed significantly based on gender. Not a single woman accepted the proposal, while 70% of the men agreed. This outcome provides a useful scenario to explore through the lens of evolutionary psychology and social learning theory, highlighting the diverse perspectives on human sexual behaviors.
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Perspectivas sobre la cirugía de tumores suprarrenales

Catalin Baston1,2, Andreea Parosanu1,3, Oana Moldoveanu1,2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Sanitary Heroes Boulevard, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Los tumores suprarrenales varían mucho en tipo y presentación. El manejo quirúrgico, incluida la adrenalectomía mínimamente invasiva o abierta, es crucial para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento, con un enfoque adaptado a las características del tumor.

Palabras clave:
adenomatumor suprarrenaladrenalectomía laparoscópicaprimaria malignacirugía abierta

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Endocrinología; Oncología Quirúrgica; Radiología

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los tumores de la glándula suprarrenal son a menudo hallazgos incidentales con evaluaciones desafiantes debido a la heterogeneidad. La resección quirúrgica es el tratamiento principal tanto para las lesiones suprarrenales benignas como malignas.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Caracterizar las características clínicas, demográficas y patológicas de los tumores suprarrenales. Evaluar los patrones de manejo quirúrgico de los tumores suprarrenales en un centro de referencia terciario.

Principales métodos:

  • Análisis retrospectivo de 112 pacientes sometidos a adrenalectomía (2015-2022). Revisión de datos demográficos, clínicos, radiológicos y quirúrgicos. Clasificación histopatológica en tumores benignos, malignidades primarias o metástasis.

Principales resultados:

  • 48% benignos, 32% metastásicos, 19,6% malignidades suprarrenales primarias. El carcinoma suprarrenal afectó predominantemente a mujeres mayores de 55 años. El carcinoma de células renales fue la fuente más común de metástasis suprarrenales.

Conclusiones:

  • Los tumores suprarrenales exhiben una variabilidad significativa, lo que requiere enfoques quirúrgicos personalizados. La adrenalectomía mínimamente invasiva es adecuada para lesiones benignas; la adrenalectomía abierta se prefiere para tumores malignos/avanzados. La experiencia quirúrgica es vital para obtener resultados oncológicos óptimos en el manejo de tumores suprarrenales.