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La Amenaza Emergente de la Viruela del Mono: Una Perspectiva Actualizada

Galal Yahya^1,2, Nashwa H Mohamed^3,4, Al-Hassan Soliman Wadan⁵

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Al Sharqia 44519, Egypt.

|January 28, 2026

Resumen

La viruela del mono (MPOX) es una enfermedad zoonótica global causada por el virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV). Esta revisión detalla la epidemiología, transmisión, características clínicas, diagnósticos y estrategias de tratamiento de la MPOX para una respuesta de salud pública eficaz.

Área de la Ciencia:

Enfermedades Infecciosas
Virología
Salud Pública

Sus antecedentes:

La viruela del mono (MPOX), causada por el virus de la viruela del mono (MPXV), es un ortopoxvirus zoonótico emergente.
El MPXV, endémico en África, ha causado recientemente brotes globales, lo que pone de relieve los riesgos de transmisión de persona a persona.
La transmisión del MPXV ocurre a través del contacto cercano, gotitas respiratorias y contacto sexual.

Objetivo del estudio:

Proporcionar una visión general completa de la epidemiología, virología y aspectos clínicos de la MPOX.
Resumir los métodos de diagnóstico actuales, la dinámica de transmisión y las estrategias de manejo.
Informar a las partes interesadas sobre el control de la MPOX e identificar lagunas de investigación para enfermedades zoonóticas emergentes.

Principales métodos:

Revisión de literatura que sintetiza la evidencia actual sobre la MPOX.
Análisis de datos epidemiológicos, características virales y presentaciones clínicas.
Evaluación de intervenciones diagnósticas, profilácticas y terapéuticas.

Principales resultados:

La MPOX se presenta con fiebre, linfadenopatía y erupción cutánea, con presentaciones atípicas recientes observadas.
Las pruebas moleculares son clave para el diagnóstico; el diagnóstico diferencial incluye otras enfermedades vesiculares.
Los antivirales (tecovirimat, brincidofovir) y las vacunas contra la viruela humana muestran eficacia en el manejo de la MPOX.

Conclusiones:

Los brotes globales de MPOX exigen una vigilancia mejorada, diagnósticos rápidos y acciones coordinadas de salud pública.
La comprensión de los reservorios, la evolución y la transmisión del MPXV es crucial para la contención.
Se necesita más investigación para abordar las lagunas de conocimiento en la MPOX y enfermedades zoonóticas similares.

Palabras clave:

antivirales cambios climáticos calentamiento global viruela del mono orthopoxvirus vacunas zoonosis

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