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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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Polarimetry finds application in chemical kinetics to measure the concentration and reaction kinetics of optically active substances during a chemical reaction. Optically active substances have the capability of rotating the plane of polarization of linearly polarized light passing through them—a feature called optical rotation. Optical activity is attributed to the molecular structure of substances. Normal monochromatic light is unpolarized and possesses oscillations of the electrical...
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The Integrated Rate Law: The Dependence of Concentration on Time02:39

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While the differential rate law relates the rate and concentrations of reactants, a second form of rate law called the integrated rate law relates concentrations of reactants and time. Integrated rate laws can be used to determine the amount of reactant or product present after a period of time or to estimate the time required for a reaction to proceed to a certain extent. For example, an integrated rate law helps determine the length of time a radioactive material must be stored for its...
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Linear time-invariant Systems01:23

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A system is linear if it displays the characteristics of homogeneity and additivity, together termed the superposition property. This principle is fundamental in all linear systems. Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems include systems with linear elements and constant parameters.
The input-output behavior of an LTI system can be fully defined by its response to an impulsive excitation at its input. Once this impulse response is known, the system's reaction to any other input can be...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
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Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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System stability is a fundamental concept in signal processing, often assessed using convolution. For a system to be considered bounded-input bounded-output (BIBO) stable, any bounded input signal must produce a bounded output signal. A bounded input signal is one where the modulus does not exceed a certain constant at any point in time.
To determine the BIBO stability, the convolution integral is utilized when a bounded continuous-time input is applied to a Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) system....
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Seguimiento de objetivos a velocidad prescrita para sistemas con retardo temporal utilizando mediciones de salida

Chengye Zhang1, Ci Chen2, Frank L Lewis3

  • 1The School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Intelligent Systems and Optimization Integration, Guangzhou, China.

Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society
|January 28, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Este estudio presenta un nuevo método de aprendizaje por refuerzo para sistemas de seguimiento de objetivos con retardos de entrada. El enfoque garantiza un rendimiento de seguimiento preciso prediciendo estados futuros utilizando solo mediciones de salida.

Palabras clave:
mediciones de salidaaprendizaje por refuerzoregulación robusta de salidaseguimiento de objetivossistema con retardo temporal

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ingeniería de Sistemas de Control
  • Aprendizaje Automático
  • Robótica

Sus antecedentes:

  • Los sistemas de seguimiento de objetivos a menudo enfrentan desafíos debido a los retardos de tiempo de entrada.
  • Garantizar un rendimiento de seguimiento preciso en presencia de retardos es fundamental para muchas aplicaciones.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Desarrollar un marco de aprendizaje por refuerzo para el seguimiento de objetivos con retardos de tiempo de entrada.
  • Garantizar el rendimiento del seguimiento a una velocidad de convergencia prescrita utilizando solo mediciones de salida.

Principales métodos:

  • La investigación integra la teoría de la regulación robusta de salida con el aprendizaje por refuerzo.
  • Se propone un enfoque novedoso, Predicción de Estados Futuros mediante Mediciones de Entrada-Salida.
  • Se desarrollan algoritmos de aprendizaje por refuerzo fuera de política para estimar estados futuros y compensar los retardos.

Principales resultados:

  • El método propuesto aborda eficazmente los problemas de seguimiento de objetivos con retardos de tiempo de entrada.
  • El enfoque unifica los retardos de tiempo de entrada y el seguimiento de retroalimentación de salida bajo un único marco.
  • Los resultados numéricos validan la efectividad de los algoritmos de aprendizaje por refuerzo.

Conclusiones:

  • Los algoritmos desarrollados permiten un seguimiento de objetivos preciso en sistemas con retardos de tiempo de entrada.
  • El método se basa únicamente en mediciones de salida, eliminando la necesidad de un modelo de sistema preciso.
  • Esta investigación ofrece una solución robusta para aplicaciones de seguimiento en el mundo real.