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Circuitos neuroinmunes en la fisiopatología respiratoria: decodificación del diálogo molecular para una focalización
Qian Chen1, Nan Jia1, Junling Liu1
1Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China.
Annals of medicine
|January 28, 2026
Resumen
El diálogo neuroinmune pulmonar, la comunicación entre los nervios y las células inmunitarias en los pulmones, es crucial para la salud respiratoria. La comprensión de estas interacciones ofrece nuevas formas de diagnosticar y tratar las enfermedades pulmonares.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Inmunología pulmonar; Neurociencia; Medicina respiratoria
Sus antecedentes:
- El pulmón es un órgano de barrera vital con complejas interacciones neuroinmunes que regulan la homeostasis respiratoria.
- El diálogo neuroinmune pulmonar es un área poco estudiada, aunque los diálogos alterados entre neuronas e inmunidad se implican en las enfermedades respiratorias.
- Falta una disección sistemática de los mecanismos bidireccionales en el diálogo neuroinmune pulmonar.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Establecer un marco para el diálogo neuroinmune pulmonar.
- Sintetizar la evidencia sobre diálogos entre neuronas e inmunidad en cinco enfermedades respiratorias importantes.
- Identificar dianas moleculares para nuevas estrategias terapéuticas.
Principales métodos:
- Delineación de la arquitectura neuroinmune especializada del pulmón.
- Síntesis de evidencia de vanguardia sobre diálogos entre neuronas e inmunidad en infecciones pulmonares, asma, EPOC, fibrosis pulmonar y cáncer de pulmón.
- Identificación de circuitos regulados por retroalimentación que involucran neurotransmisores, neuropéptidos, células inmunitarias y citoquinas.
Principales resultados:
- Se estableció un marco jerárquico para el diálogo neuroinmune pulmonar.
- Se identificaron actores moleculares clave, incluidos neurotransmisores (acetilcolina, norepinefrina), neuropéptidos (sustancia P, CGRP), células inmunitarias (ILC2, macrófagos, células T) y citoquinas (TNF-α, IL-1β).
- Se destacaron dianas específicas como la señalización de CGRP y las vías colinérgicas para la intervención terapéutica.
Conclusiones:
- La decodificación de dianas moleculares en el eje neuroinmune ofrece estrategias para el descubrimiento de biomarcadores y el refinamiento terapéutico.
- Se identificaron la señalización de CGRP y las vías colinérgicas como dianas prometedoras para biológicos de próxima generación y terapias neuromoduladoras en enfermedades respiratorias.
- Se posicionó el diálogo neuroinmune pulmonar como una frontera en la medicina respiratoria de precisión, permitiendo paradigmas terapéuticos innovadores.
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