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Más allá del trauma: una revisión de imágenes basada en casos de ruptura esplénica espontánea
Federica Romano1, Marina Alessandrella2, Raffaella Lucci3
1Radiology Unit, Monaldi Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera dei Colli, Naples, Italy.
Frontiers in radiology
|January 28, 2026
Resumen
La ruptura esplénica espontánea (RPE) es una emergencia rara. Este caso destaca cómo las imágenes, como las tomografías computarizadas, son cruciales para diagnosticar la RPE causada por un hamartoma esplénico y guiar el tratamiento.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Radiología; Gastroenterología; Medicina de Emergencia
Sus antecedentes:
- La ruptura esplénica espontánea (RPE) es una afección rara y potencialmente mortal a menudo relacionada con diversas patologías subyacentes.
- Los signos clínicos inespecíficos pueden retrasar el diagnóstico, lo que enfatiza la necesidad de imágenes efectivas.
- La tomografía computarizada con contraste (TCME) es vital para diagnosticar lesiones esplénicas e identificar las causas.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Ilustrar los principios de diagnóstico y manejo de la RPE utilizando un caso clínico.
- Revisar las estrategias de imagen actuales para la RPE.
- Discutir los roles emergentes de la radiómica y la IA en la evaluación de la RPE.
Principales métodos:
- Presentación de un caso de ruptura esplénica espontánea en una mujer de edad avanzada.
- Revisión de imágenes diagnósticas que incluyen ecografía y TCME.
- Discusión de estrategias de manejo no operatorio y operatorio.
- Revisión de la literatura sobre imágenes de RPE y tecnologías emergentes.
Principales resultados:
- Se identificó un hamartoma esplénico como la causa oculta de RPE.
- La TCME reveló laceración esplénica y hemoperitoneo, guiando el manejo inicial no operatorio.
- Se realizó esplenectomía electiva debido a la lesión y las necesidades de anticoagulación.
- Las imágenes demostraron la organización progresiva del hemoperitoneo y la morfología estable de la lesión.
Conclusiones:
- El diagnóstico y manejo de la RPE requieren un enfoque integral que integre hallazgos clínicos y de imagen.
- La TCME es esencial para evaluar la RPE, identificar las lesiones causales y evaluar el hemoperitoneo.
- La radiómica y la IA muestran una promesa para la mejora futura del diagnóstico y manejo de la RPE.
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