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The sympathetic pathways of the collateral ganglia and adrenal medulla serve unique but interconnected roles in the sympathetic response.
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For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
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In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
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La vía perforante y las aferentes colaterales CA3-Schaffer se coordinan para regular el aprendizaje espacial

Fengwen Huang1,2, Stephen Temitayo Bello3,4, Siu Hin Lau3

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, China. fwhuang2@standford.edu.

Communications biology
|January 31, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Las entradas de la corteza entorrinal medial son cruciales para el aprendizaje y la memoria espacial. Este estudio revela cómo estas entradas modulan los circuitos hipocampales, afectando la codificación espacial y la neuroplasticidad.

Palabras clave:
aprendizaje espacialmemoria espacialcorteza entorrinal medialhipocamponeuroplasticidadcircuitos neuronalescodificación espacialpotenciación a largo plazoCA1CA3

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurociencia
  • Neurociencia de Sistemas
  • Neurociencia Cognitiva

Sus antecedentes:

  • El sistema entorrinal-hipocampal es vital para el aprendizaje y la memoria espacial.
  • Las interacciones neuronales que subyacen a la codificación espacial en este sistema no se comprenden completamente.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar cómo las entradas entorrinales modulan las computaciones hipocampales para la codificación espacial.
  • Diseccionar el papel de las entradas de la corteza entorrinal medial en el aprendizaje y la memoria espacial.

Principales métodos:

  • Se integraron enfoques multimodales: imágenes de calcio in vivo, optogenética, quimiogenética, electrofisiología, inmunohistoquímica y laberinto de agua de Morris.
  • Se utilizó estimulación de ráfaga theta de doble luz para la coactivación de vías neuronales específicas.

Principales resultados:

  • La CA1-proyectando neuronas CA3 mostraron hiperactividad durante el aprendizaje espacial temprano, disminuyendo con el rendimiento de la tarea.
  • La inactivación de las aferentes médiales entorrinal-hipocampales alteró el aprendizaje espacial y la actividad neuronal CA3.
  • La coactivación de las vías CA3-CA1 y MEC-CA1 indujo una potente potenciación heterosináptica a largo plazo en el CA1 dorsal.

Conclusiones:

  • Las aferentes entorrinal-hipocampales ejercen un control regulador multinivel sobre la función hipocampal.
  • Las entradas de la corteza entorrinal medial son esenciales para la ejecución precisa de tareas espaciales.
  • Los hallazgos avanzan la comprensión de las patologías neurológicas relacionadas con la memoria.