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Glicólisis aeróbica en la esquizofrenia: ¿rescate del desarrollo o colapso energético?
Onur Memetoglu1, Manu S Goyal2, Virginie-Anne Chouinard1
1McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA.
Molecular psychiatry
|January 31, 2026
Resumen
La glicólisis aeróbica (GA), un proceso metabólico, se eleva en la esquizofrenia (EZ) y puede ser una respuesta compensatoria a los déficits energéticos cerebrales. La GA persistente podría desestabilizar la función cerebral, ofreciendo nuevas dianas terapéuticas.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Neurociencia
- Biología Metabólica
- Psiquiatría
Sus antecedentes:
- La glicólisis aeróbica (GA), o el efecto Warburg, es un proceso metabólico donde las células utilizan preferentemente la glicólisis sobre la fosforilación oxidativa (OxPhos) incluso en presencia de oxígeno.
- Inicialmente observada en células cancerosas, la GA ahora se comprende como un mecanismo fisiológico más amplio que apoya la biosíntesis, la plasticidad neural y la sinaptogénesis.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Proponer que la GA elevada en la esquizofrenia (EZ) adulta refleja un mecanismo compensatorio para la reducción de la biomasa cerebral y la disfunción mitocondrial.
- Explorar el vínculo entre la GA, la disfunción de la OxPhos, el estrés reductivo y el acoplamiento defectuoso entre neuronas y glía en el cerebro.
Principales métodos:
- Revisión de estudios de neuroimagen, espectroscopia y post mortem.
- Análisis de la disfunción de los oligodendrocitos y el daño de la sustancia blanca en relación con la homeostasis energética.
- Síntesis basada en la perspectiva de los hallazgos actuales sobre la GA en la EZ.
Principales resultados:
- La evidencia vincula la GA en el cerebro con la disfunción de la OxPhos, el estrés reductivo y las interacciones alteradas entre neuronas y glía.
- La disfunción de los oligodendrocitos y las anomalías de la sustancia blanca alteran aún más el equilibrio energético y la conectividad cerebral.
- La GA persistente, si bien apoya la reparación, puede en última instancia desestabilizar la función sináptica.
Conclusiones:
- La GA en la EZ puede representar una respuesta desadaptativa a una desalineación entre las necesidades de desarrollo y la capacidad metabólica adulta.
- Comprender la persistencia de la GA en la EZ podría identificar estrategias novedosas para restaurar el equilibrio energético en los circuitos neuronales.
- El abordaje de la GA puede ofrecer nuevas vías terapéuticas para la esquizofrenia.
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