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Substituents on the benzene ring that direct an incoming electrophile to undergo substitution at the meta position are called meta directors. All meta directors either have a positive charge on the atom directly bonded to the ring or a partial positive charge. These groups function by withdrawing electrons from the ring through inductive and resonance effects. Consider the carbocation intermediates formed upon the addition of an electrophile on nitrobenzene at the...
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In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
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Ortho–para directors are substituent groups attached to the benzene ring and direct the addition of an electrophile to the positions ortho or para to the substituent. All electron-donating groups are considered ortho–para directors. They donate electrons to the ring and make the ring more electron-rich. The ring is therefore susceptible to the addition of electrophiles. Substituents such as amino, hydroxy, or alkoxy, containing lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the ring, donate...
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El efecto piezoeléctrico directo en los disolventes eutéticos profundos.

Allison M Stettler1, Sheryl S Blanchard1, Gary A Baker2

  • 1Michigan State University, Department of Chemistry, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

Los disolventes eutecticos profundos (DES) exhiben una respuesta piezoeléctrica directa, similar a los líquidos iónicos. Este hallazgo sugiere que los DES pueden ser diseñados para aplicaciones piezoeléctricas sintonizables ajustando sus componentes.

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Ciencia de los materiales Ciencia de los materiales.
  • Química Física es la química física.
  • Física de la materia condensada Física de la materia condensada

Sus antecedentes:

  • El efecto piezoeléctrico, que genera electricidad a partir de la tensión mecánica, es conocido en algunos materiales líquidos.
  • Los líquidos iónicos a temperatura ambiente (RTIL) muestran piezoelectricidad debido a las transiciones de fase inducidas por la presión.
  • Los disolventes eutecticos profundos (DES) son una clase de materiales con propiedades sintonizables.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar la respuesta piezoeléctrica directa en cuatro DES específicos.
  • Para determinar el coeficiente piezoeléctrico (d33) para estos DES.
  • Para comparar el comportamiento piezoeléctrico de los DES con el de los RTIL.

Principales métodos:

  • Medida directa de la corriente eléctrica generada bajo la fuerza aplicada.
  • Caracterización de cuatro DES: cloruro de colina: etilenoglicol (ChCl:EG), cloruro de colina: glicerol (ChCl:Gly), cloruro de colina: 1,3-propanediol (ChCl:PD) y cloruro de colina: urea (ChCl:urea).
  • Análisis de la relación fuerza-corriente para determinar el coeficiente piezoeléctrico (d33).

Principales resultados:

  • Los cuatro DES investigados demostraron una respuesta piezoeléctrica directa.
  • Se observó una relación lineal entre la fuerza aplicada y la corriente generada.
  • Los valores del coeficiente piezoeléctrico (d33) para los DES fueron comparables a los de los RTIL.

Conclusiones:

  • El efecto piezoeléctrico es un fenómeno general observado en los DES, no limitado a los RTIL.
  • Los DES ofrecen potencial para aplicaciones piezoeléctricas sintonizables.
  • La elección y la proporción de los constituyentes del DES pueden influir en la respuesta piezoeléctrica.