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Motor Units

Motor Units

A motor unit consists of two main components: a single efferent motor neuron (i.e., a neuron that carries impulses away from the central nervous system) and all of the muscle fibers it innervates. The motor neuron may innervate multiple muscle fibers, which are single cells, but only one motor neuron innervates a single muscle fiber.

Torque

Torque

Torque is an important quantity for describing the dynamics of a rotating rigid body. We see the application of torque in many ways in the world, such as when pressing the accelerator in a car, which causes the engine to apply additional torque on the drivetrain. Here, we define torque and provide a framework to create an equation to calculate torque for a rigid body with fixed-axis rotation.
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Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
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Motor Units

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The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...

Motor Unit Stimulation

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...

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Evolución de la Confianza de los Usuarios en Robotaxis Totalmente Autónomos Durante el Primer Viaje: Un Estudio en

Zhenyu Wang¹, Weiyin Xie^1,2, Haolong Hu¹

¹The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China.

|February 4, 2026

Resumen

La confianza en los robotaxis sin conductor aumenta con la experiencia en el mundo real. Las características del usuario, el estilo de conducción, la seguridad, la comodidad y el diseño de la interfaz dan forma significativamente a esta confianza durante un primer viaje.

Palabras clave:

uso por primera vez vehículos autónomos de nivel 4 confianza en la automatización

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Área de la Ciencia:

Interacción humano-computadora
Ingeniería de transporte
Psicología

Sus antecedentes:

Los robotaxis sin conductor están emergiendo, ofreciendo importantes beneficios económicos y sociales.
La aceptación pública depende de la confianza del usuario, que los estudios previos pueden haber sesgado.
Comprender la dinámica de la confianza en el uso de vehículos autónomos en el mundo real es crucial.

Objetivo del estudio:

Investigar cómo evoluciona la confianza del usuario durante los viajes iniciales en robotaxis totalmente autónomos.
Identificar los factores que influyen en la confianza, incluidos los rasgos del usuario, el diseño del sistema y las condiciones del tráfico.
Abordar las limitaciones de la investigación previa sobre la confianza en sistemas autónomos.

Principales métodos:

Un experimento en carretera con 30 participantes sin experiencia previa en robotaxis totalmente autónomos.
La recopilación de datos incluyó mediciones de confianza dinámicas cada 2 minutos y protocolos de pensamiento en voz alta.
El análisis estadístico utilizando un modelo mixto de enlace acumulativo evaluó el desarrollo de la confianza.

Principales resultados:

La confianza dinámica aumentó gradualmente y se estabilizó a lo largo del viaje en robotaxi.
La heterogeneidad del usuario, el estilo de conducción, la seguridad, la comodidad y el diseño de la interfaz fueron factores clave que influyeron en la confianza.
La experiencia de conducción previa y la demografía moderaron el proceso de construcción de la confianza.

Conclusiones:

La confianza en los robotaxis sin conductor se desarrolla progresivamente a través de la exposición al mundo real.
Las características del usuario, el control del vehículo y el diseño de la interfaz son determinantes críticos de la confianza.
Considerar la heterogeneidad del usuario es vital para promover la aceptación de los robotaxis.