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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the...
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Cruise control systems in cars are designed as multi-input systems to maintain a driver's desired speed while compensating for external disturbances such as changes in terrain. The block diagram for a cruise control system typically includes two main inputs: the desired speed set by the driver and any external disturbances, such as the incline of the road. By adjusting the engine throttle, the system maintains the vehicle's speed as close to the desired value as possible.
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Drugs administered through various routes can lead to nonlinear elimination, resulting in complex pharmacokinetic behaviors crucial to understanding efficacious drug dosing.
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As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet’s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a pathway to maintain and improve human life now while also ensuring that future generations will have the resources that they need. The long-term success of sustainability efforts rests on understanding the interplay between human actions and ecological systems.
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El input auditivo neonatal afecta el desarrollo vocal en focas comunes

Teresa Raimondi1, Caroline E Haas2, Koen de Reus3,4,5

  • 1Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome00185, Italy.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Resumen

Los cachorros de foca común expuestos a menos input acústico desarrollaron llamadas más distintivas. El entorno auditivo neonatal moldea significativamente el desarrollo vocal y la individualidad en mamíferos.

Palabras clave:
comportamiento acústicodesarrollopinípedosreproducciónplasticidad vocal

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Comportamiento Animal
  • Bioacústica
  • Biología del Desarrollo

Sus antecedentes:

  • La individualidad vocal es crucial para el desarrollo de los mamíferos, asegurando la alimentación y el reconocimiento.
  • El papel del entorno auditivo frente a la maduración en la individualidad vocal no está claro.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Investigar cómo el entorno auditivo neonatal influye en el desarrollo vocal y la individualización en cachorros de foca común (Phoca vitulina).
  • Determinar si la densidad acústica impacta la distinción y plasticidad vocal.

Principales métodos:

  • Se expusieron 18 cachorros de foca común a densidades acústicas simuladas bajas (2 congéneres) o altas (30 congéneres) mediante reproducción de llamadas.
  • Se registraron las vocalizaciones antes y después de la exposición, extrayendo 12 parámetros acústicos.
  • Se utilizaron aprendizaje automático supervisado y análisis de funciones discriminantes para evaluar la distinción y la individualización de las llamadas.

Principales resultados:

  • Ambos grupos mostraron una mayor distinción individual después de la reproducción, lo que indica desarrollo vocal.
  • Los cachorros expuestos a un input acústico menos variable exhibieron una mayor individualidad vocal.
  • El input auditivo moduló el desarrollo vocal, con un input menos variable que conducía a llamadas individuales más estables.

Conclusiones:

  • El entorno auditivo neonatal moldea significativamente el desarrollo vocal y la plasticidad en cachorros de foca común.
  • Las focas comunes sirven como un modelo valioso para comprender cómo el entorno afecta el aprendizaje vocal en mamíferos.
  • La individualidad vocal está influenciada tanto por la maduración como por el grado de input acústico de congéneres.