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Neurapraxia en el tiempo y el espacio

Gavin A Davis1,2, Amgad S Hanna3,4, R Shane Tubbs5,6,7,8,9

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Resumen

La neurapraxia es una parálisis nerviosa periférica transitoria caracterizada por desmielinización localizada, sin daño axonal. La recuperación ocurre en semanas, precediendo a la regeneración axonal, lo que define sus características temporales y espaciales.

Palabras clave:
HistoriaAnatomía del nervioLesión nerviosaPatología nerviosaNeurapraxiaTaxonomía

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Neurología; Neurocirugía; Lesión del nervio periférico

Sus antecedentes:

  • El término neurapraxia, introducido en 1941, describe la disfunción nerviosa periférica transitoria. A menudo se usa incorrectamente y requiere aclaración para distinguirlo de la axonotmesis y la neurotmesis. La comprensión de la neurapraxia requiere el examen de sus aspectos temporales y espaciales.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Definir la neurapraxia examinando sus orígenes y el curso temporal de la lesión y la recuperación. Aclarar la microestructura y las ubicaciones anatómicas de las lesiones neuráxicas. Establecer una definición temporal y espacial integral de la neurapraxia.

Principales métodos:

  • Revisión histórica del término neurapraxia. Análisis del curso temporal de las lesiones y la recuperación neuráxicas. Examen histopatológico de la microestructura de la lesión neuráxica. Análisis espacial de las ubicaciones de las lesiones neuráxicas dentro del sistema nervioso periférico.

Principales resultados:

  • La neurapraxia se define temporalmente por una parálisis transitoria con recuperación en semanas, antes de la regeneración axonal. Espacialmente, implica desmielinización localizada en nervios con epineurio y células de Schwann. La neurapraxia se aplica a los nervios periféricos distales a la columna vertebral, excluyendo los nervios craneales y las raíces espinales debido a variaciones celulares y estructurales.

Conclusiones:

  • La neurapraxia es una lesión nerviosa periférica distinta caracterizada por disfunción transitoria y desmielinización localizada. Su definición es tanto temporal (recuperación rápida) como espacial (estructuras nerviosas específicas). La aplicación precisa del término neurapraxia requiere la comprensión de su alcance patológico y anatómico preciso.