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Microplásticos derivados de ortodoncia impactan la diferenciación y homeostasis de los macrófagos

Jordan Warunek^1,2,3, Stephen Warunek⁴, Michael Calderon^5,6

¹Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA.

Progress in orthodontics

|February 6, 2026

Resumen

Los materiales de ortodoncia impresos directamente liberan más microplásticos que los tradicionales, los cuales los macrófagos engullen fácilmente. Esto puede desencadenar respuestas inflamatorias, afectando la salud oral y sistémica.

Área de la Ciencia:

Ciencia de Biomateriales
Inmunología
Química de Polímeros

Sus antecedentes:

Los polímeros sintéticos son prevalentes en dispositivos dentales como alineadores y retenedores.
Existen datos limitados sobre la liberación de microplásticos de fotopolímeros impresos directamente en comparación con polímeros termoformados tradicionales.
Los microplásticos se encuentran en tejidos humanos y los macrófagos orales pueden interactuar con partículas de ortodoncia.

Objetivo del estudio:

Caracterizar sistemáticamente la liberación y estructura de microplásticos de polímeros de ortodoncia.
Visualizar la captación de estas partículas por los macrófagos.
Evaluar el impacto de la exposición a microplásticos en la diferenciación de macrófagos.

Principales métodos:

Se probaron polímeros impresos directamente (por ejemplo, ActiveMemory™ DCA, Tera Harz TA-28) y termoformados (por ejemplo, Invisacryl™, Zendura®, Invisalign®).
Se incubaron discos de polímero en saliva artificial, agitándolos diariamente durante una semana.
Se cuantificó la liberación de partículas mediante citometría de flujo y microscopía; se evaluó la captación y diferenciación de macrófagos.

Principales resultados:

Todos los polímeros probados liberaron microplásticos y nanoplásticos detectables.
Los polímeros impresos directamente liberaron concentraciones más altas, predominantemente partículas de tamaño micro.
Los macrófagos fagocitaron plásticos de 2-10 μm, y los materiales impresos directamente a base de uretano indujeron fenotipos de macrófagos proinflamatorios similares a M1.

Conclusiones:

Los materiales de ortodoncia comunes liberan microplásticos/nanoplásticos que los macrófagos captan.
Los polímeros impresos directamente liberan partículas más inmunoestimulantes, lo que podría afectar la inmunidad oral y sistémica.
La evaluación de la liberación de microplásticos es crucial para la selección de materiales más seguros en dispositivos médicos y dentales.

Palabras clave:

Alineador dental Citometría de flujo Macrófago Microplástico Nanoplástico

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