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It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy level to another but not transition smoothly or stay between these levels.
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge03:08

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The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number and distribution of electrons in their valence shells.
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Nuclear Fusion02:45

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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...
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Non-nuclear Inheritance01:29

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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Respuestas Nucleares con Estados Cuánticos de Redes Neuronales

Elad Parnes1, Nir Barnea1, Giuseppe Carleo2

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Physical review letters
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Desarrollamos un nuevo marco computacional que combina redes neuronales y mecánica cuántica para estudiar sistemas cuánticos auto-ligados. Este método predice con precisión las secciones transversales de fotoabsorción nuclear, ofreciendo comparaciones fiables con datos experimentales.

Palabras clave:
física cuánticaestados cuánticos de redes neuronalessecciones transversales de fotoabsorción nuclearsistemas cuánticos auto-ligadosfísica nuclear computacional

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Área de la Ciencia:

  • Física Cuántica de Muchos Cuerpos
  • Física Computacional
  • Física Nuclear

Sus antecedentes:

  • Estudiar las propiedades dinámicas de los sistemas cuánticos es computacionalmente desafiante.
  • Las predicciones teóricas precisas requieren métodos robustos y cuantificación de la incertidumbre.
  • Las secciones transversales de fotoabsorción de núcleos ligeros son importantes para estudios de estructura nuclear.

Objetivo del estudio:

  • Introducir un marco variacional de Monte Carlo novedoso para sistemas cuánticos de muchos cuerpos.
  • Calcular propiedades dinámicas, específicamente secciones transversales de fotoabsorción, de sistemas auto-ligados.
  • Validar el marco utilizando núcleos ligeros y comparar con puntos de referencia existentes.

Principales métodos:

  • Combinación de estados cuánticos de redes neuronales con la técnica de la transformada integral de Lorentz.
  • Utilización de un enfoque variacional de Monte Carlo en espacios de Hilbert continuos.
  • Empleo de una expansión de campo efectivo (EFT) sin piones de orden principal para el Hamiltoniano nuclear.

Principales resultados:

  • Predicciones teóricas precisas para la sección transversal de fotoabsorción de núcleos ligeros.
  • Cuantificación robusta de la incertidumbre para resultados teóricos.
  • Demostración de que un Hamiltoniano nuclear simple proporciona predicciones fiables de fotoabsorción.

Conclusiones:

  • El marco desarrollado es ampliamente aplicable a diversos sistemas cuánticos.
  • El método proporciona predicciones precisas y fiables para la fotoabsorción nuclear.
  • El estudio valida el uso de un Hamiltoniano nuclear específico para propiedades dinámicas.