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Types of Receptors: Cell Surface Receptors

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Cell-surface receptors, also known as transmembrane receptors, are cell surface, membrane-anchored (integral) proteins that bind to external ligand molecules. This type of receptor spans the plasma membrane and performs signal transduction, converting an extracellular signal into an intracellular signal. Ligands that interact with cell-surface receptors do not have to enter the cell that they affect. Cell-surface receptors are also called cell-specific proteins or markers because they are...
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Global Climate Change

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Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Transcription Factors02:16

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

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Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Video Experimental Relacionado

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

Laser-assisted Microdissection LAM as a Tool for Transcriptional Profiling of Individual Cell Types
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TCRcloud: una herramienta de visualización global de transcritos de receptores de células T y células B

Eric de Sousa1, Joana R Lérias1, Carolina M Gorgulho1

  • 1Immunotherapy/ImmunoSurgery Laboratory and Cell Center, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Avenida Brasília, Lisbon, 1400-038, Portugal.

Journal of translational medicine
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Resumen
Este resumen es generado por máquina.

TCRcloud es una nueva plataforma de código abierto para visualizar la diversidad de los receptores de células T (TCR) y receptores de células B (BCR). Ayuda a analizar las respuestas inmunitarias a las inmunoterapias contra el cáncer visualizando los cambios en el repertorio de TCR en los pacientes.

Palabras clave:
bloqueo de puntos de controlinmunoterapiareceptor de células Tanálisis de TCRdiversidad de TCRrepertorio de TCRsecuenciación de TCRTILantígeno tumorallinfocitos infiltrantes de tumores

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Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

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Sus antecedentes:

  • La secuenciación profunda del receptor de células T (TCR) analiza el repertorio de TCR en especímenes clínicos para comprender las respuestas inmunitarias.
  • La expansión clonal de células T puede ser impulsada por antígenos o debida a activación de testigos durante la inmunidad contra el cáncer.
  • Las herramientas analíticas existentes para la composición de TCR carecen de capacidades de visualización intuitivas.

Conclusiones:

  • TCRcloud proporciona una visualización intuitiva de las composiciones moleculares de TCR y las mediciones del repertorio.
  • La plataforma integra múltiples índices de TCR en un único gráfico de radar para un análisis integral.
  • TCRcloud facilita la visualización del uso de genes V y las frecuencias de aminoácidos CDR3, lo que permite una comprensión intuitiva de los cambios en la composición de TCR y BCR en respuesta a la inmunoterapia.