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Guía clínica SEOM-GEMCAD-TTD para el cáncer de ano (2025)
Mónica Guillot Morales1, Ana Fernández Montes2, Julen Fernández-Plana3
1Medical Oncology Department, Hospital Universitari Son Espases, UIB, IdisBa, Palma, Spain. monicam.guillot@ssib.es.
Resumen
El cáncer de ano, una neoplasia digestiva rara pero en crecimiento, requiere un diagnóstico y una estadificación rápidos. El tratamiento estándar implica quimiorradioterapia para estadios tempranos y quimioterapia combinada para enfermedad metastásica.
Área de la Ciencia:
- Gastroenterología
- Oncología
- Imagenología Médica
Sus antecedentes:
- La incidencia de cáncer de ano está aumentando, representando el 2% de las neoplasias digestivas.
- El diagnóstico ocurre en diversas etapas: 50% localizado, 29% locorregional, 12% metastásico.
- La detección temprana y el manejo multidisciplinario son cruciales.
Objetivo del estudio:
- Describir los estándares de diagnóstico y manejo del cáncer de ano.
- Detallar las estrategias terapéuticas actuales basadas en la etapa de la enfermedad.
Principales métodos:
- Confirmación histológica para el cáncer de ano sospechoso.
- Resonancia Magnética (RM) para la estadificación local.
- Tomografía Computarizada (TC) toracoabdominal para la estadificación a distancia.
- Enfoque de equipo multidisciplinario para el manejo.
Principales resultados:
- El tratamiento estándar para el cáncer de ano temprano/localmente avanzado es la quimiorradioterapia (5-fluorouracilo y mitomicina C).
- El tratamiento del cáncer de ano metastásico implica quimioterapia basada en platino con taxanos.
Conclusiones:
- La estadificación precisa mediante RM y TC es esencial.
- Los protocolos de tratamiento dependen de la etapa, enfatizando la quimiorradioterapia o la quimioterapia combinada.
- La atención multidisciplinaria optimiza los resultados de los pacientes con cáncer de ano.
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